<akomaNtoso xmlns="http://docs.oasis-open.org/legaldocml/ns/akn/3.0" xmlns:finlex="http://data.finlex.fi/schema/finlex">
    <doc name="main">
        <meta>
            <identification source="#organization_fi.finlex">
                <FRBRWork>
                    <FRBRthis value="/akn/fi/doc/tax-treaty-consolidated/1997/84/!main"/>
                    <FRBRuri value="/akn/fi/doc/tax-treaty-consolidated/1997/84"/>
                    <FRBRdate date="1997-12-11" name="dateIssued"/>
                    <FRBRauthor as="#role_author" href="#organization_fi.ministry-of-finance"/>
                    <FRBRcountry value="fi"/>
                    <FRBRsubtype value="tax-treaty-consolidated"/>
                    <FRBRnumber value="84"/>
                </FRBRWork>
                <FRBRExpression>
                    <FRBRthis value="/akn/fi/doc/tax-treaty-consolidated/1997/84/eng@/!main"/>
                    <FRBRuri value="/akn/fi/doc/tax-treaty-consolidated/1997/84/eng@"/>
                    <FRBRdate date="1997-12-11" name="dateIssued"/>
                    <FRBRauthor as="#role_author" href="#organization_fi.ministry-of-finance"/>
                    <FRBRlanguage language="eng"/>
                </FRBRExpression>
                <FRBRManifestation>
                    <FRBRthis value="/akn/fi/doc/tax-treaty-consolidated/1997/84/eng@/!main.xml"/>
                    <FRBRuri value="/akn/fi/doc/tax-treaty-consolidated/1997/84/eng@.akn"/>
                    <FRBRdate date="2026-04-24" name="dateProduced"/>
                    <FRBRauthor as="#role_editor" href="#organization_fi.finlex"/>
                    <FRBRformat value="xml"/>
                </FRBRManifestation>
            </identification>
            <references source="#organization_fi.finlex">
                <TLCOrganization eId="organization_fi.finlex" href="/akn/ontology/organization/fi.finlex" showAs="Finlex"/>
                <TLCRole eId="role_author" href="/akn/ontology/role/author" showAs="Tekijä"/>
                <TLCRole eId="role_editor" href="/akn/ontology/role/editor" showAs="Toimittaja"/>
                <TLCOrganization eId="organization_fi.ministry-of-finance" href="/akn/ontology/organization/fi.ministry-of-finance" showAs="Ministry of Finance"/>
            </references>
            <proprietary source="#organization_fi.finlex">
                <finlex:documentYear>1997</finlex:documentYear>
                <finlex:broughtIntoForceBy>
                    <finlex:statuteReference>
                        <finlex:ref href="/akn/fi/act/statute/1997/1125"/>
                    </finlex:statuteReference>
                    <finlex:statuteReference>
                        <finlex:ref href="/akn/fi/act/statute/1997/1124"/>
                    </finlex:statuteReference>
                    <finlex:treatyReference>
                        <finlex:ref href="/akn/fi/doc/treaty/1997/83"/>
                    </finlex:treatyReference>
                    <finlex:treatyReference>
                        <finlex:ref href="/akn/fi/doc/treaty/1997/84"/>
                    </finlex:treatyReference>
                </finlex:broughtIntoForceBy>
                <finlex:amendedBy>
                    <finlex:treatyReference>
                        <finlex:ref href="/akn/fi/doc/treaty/2019/31"/>
                    </finlex:treatyReference>
                    <finlex:treatyReference>
                        <finlex:ref href="/akn/fi/doc/treaty/1998/31"/>
                    </finlex:treatyReference>
                </finlex:amendedBy>
                <finlex:treatyParty code="nl">Alankomaat</finlex:treatyParty>
                <finlex:isSynthesised>true</finlex:isSynthesised>
            </proprietary>
        </meta>
        <preface>
            <p>
                <docNumber>83-84/1997</docNumber>
                <docTitle>Agreement between the Republic of Finland and the Kingdom of the Netherlands for the avoidance of double taxation and the prevention of fiscal evasion with respect to taxes on income and on capital</docTitle>
            </p>
        </preface>
        <preamble>
            <p>
                <embeddedStructure class="mli-addition">
                    <tblock>
                        <heading>SYNTHESISED TEXT OF THE MLI AND THE AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE REPUBLIC OF FINLAND AND THE KINGDOM OF THE NETHERLANDS FOR THE AVOIDANCE OF DOUBLE TAXATION AND THE PREVENTION OF FISCAL EVASION WITH RESPECT TO TAXES ON INCOME AND ON CAPITAL</heading>
                        <p>This document presents the synthesised text for the application of the Agreement between the Republic of Finland and the Kingdom of the Netherlands for the avoidance of double taxation and the prevention of fiscal evasion with respect to taxes on income and on capital signed on 28 December 1995 (the “Agreement”), as modified by the Multilateral Convention to Implement Tax Treaty Related Measures to Prevent Base Erosion and Profit Shifting signed by the Republic of Finland and the Kingdom of the Netherlands on 7 June 2017 (the “MLI”).</p>
                        <p>This document was prepared in consultation with the competent authority of the Kingdom of the Netherlands and represents a shared understanding of the modifications made to the Agreement by the MLI.</p>
                        <p>The document was prepared on the basis of the MLI position of the Republic of Finland
      submitted to the Depositary upon acceptance on 25 February 2019 and of the MLI position of the
      Kingdom of the Netherlands submitted to the Depositary upon ratification on 29 March 2019.
      These MLI positions are subject to modifications as provided in the MLI. Modifications made to
      MLI positions could modify the effects of the MLI on the Agreement. The Republic of Finland
      modified its MLI position by withdrawing its reservation made to Article 9 and by making
      additional notifications (consolidated MLI position of the Republic of Finland on 27 June
      2023). These modifications did not modify the effects of the MLI on the Agreement.</p>
                        <p>The authentic legal texts of the Agreement and the MLI take precedence and remain the legal texts applicable. </p>
                        <p>The provisions of the MLI that are applicable with respect to the provisions of the Agreement are included in boxes throughout the text of this document in the context of the relevant provisions of the Agreement. The boxes containing the provisions of the MLI have generally been inserted in accordance with the ordering of the provisions of the 2017 OECD Model Tax Convention.</p>
                        <p>Changes to the text of the provisions of the MLI have been made to conform the terminology used in the MLI to the terminology used in the Agreement (such as “Covered Tax Agreement” and “Agreement”, “Contracting Jurisdictions” and “Contracting States”), to ease the comprehension of the provisions of the MLI. The changes in terminology are intended to increase the readability of the document and are not intended to change the substance of the provisions of the MLI. Similarly, changes have been made to parts of provisions of the MLI that describe existing provisions of the Agreement: descriptive language has been replaced by legal references of the existing provisions to ease the readability.</p>
                        <p>In all cases, references made to the provisions of the Agreement or to the Agreement must be understood as referring to the Agreement as modified by the provisions of the MLI, provided such provisions of the MLI have taken effect.</p>
                        <p>
                            <b>Entry into Effect of the MLI Provisions</b>
                        </p>
                        <p>The provisions of the MLI applicable to this Agreement do not take effect on the same dates as the original provisions of the Agreement. Each of provisions of the MLI could take effect on different dates, depending on the types of taxes involved (taxes withheld at source or other taxes levied) and on the choices made by the Republic of Finland and the Kingdom of the Netherlands in their MLI positions.</p>
                        <p>Dates of the deposit of instruments of ratification, acceptance or approval: 25 February 2019 for the Republic of Finland and 29 March 2019 for the Kingdom of the Netherlands.</p>
                        <p>Entry into force of the MLI: 1 June 2019 for the Republic of Finland and 1 July 2019 for the Kingdom of the Netherlands.</p>
                        <p>This document provides specific information on the dates on or after which each of the provisions of the MLI has effect with respect to the Agreement throughout this document.</p>
                        <p>
                            <b>References</b>
                        </p>
                        <p>The authentic legal texts of the MLI can be found on the MLI Depositary (OECD) webpage:</p>
                        <p>
                            – in English: 
                            <a href="http://www.oecd.org/tax/treaties/multilateral-convention-to-implement-tax-treaty-related-measures-to-prevent-BEPS.pdf">http://www.oecd.org/tax/treaties/multilateral-convention-to-implement-tax-treaty-related-measures-to-prevent-BEPS.pdf</a>
                             and
                        </p>
                        <p>
                            – in French: 
                            <a href="http://www.oecd.org/fr/fiscalite/conventions/convention-multilaterale-pour-la-mise-en-oeuvre-des-mesures-relatives-aux-conventions-fiscales-pour-prevenir-le-BEPS.pdf">http://www.oecd.org/fr/fiscalite/conventions/convention-multilaterale-pour-la-mise-en-oeuvre-des-mesures-relatives-aux-conventions-fiscales-pour-prevenir-le-BEPS.pdf</a>
                        </p>
                        <p>
                            The MLI position of the Republic of Finland submitted to the Depositary upon
      acceptance on 25 February 2019, the consolidated MLI position of the Republic of Finland
      submitted to the Depositary on 27 June 2023 and the MLI position of the Kingdom of the
      Netherlands submitted to the Depositary upon ratification on 29 March 2019 can be found on the
      MLI Depositary (OECD) webpage:
                            <a href="http://www.oecd.org/tax/treaties/beps-mli-signatories-and-parties.pdf">http://www.oecd.org/tax/treaties/beps-mli-signatories-and-parties.pdf</a>
                        </p>
                        <p>
                            The MLI Matching Database is publicly available on the OECD webpage: 
                            <a href="http://www.oecd.org/tax/treaties/mli-matching-database.htm">http://www.oecd.org/tax/treaties/mli-matching-database.htm</a>
                        </p>
                        <p>
                            The Act on Multilateral Convention to Implement Tax Treaty Related Measures to Prevent Base Erosion and Profit Shifting is published in Statute Book of Finland 231/2019. Link to Finnish language version 
                            <a href="https://www.finlex.fi/fi/laki/alkup/2019/20190231">https://www.finlex.fi/fi/laki/alkup/2019/20190231</a>
                             Link to Swedish language version 
                            <a href="https://www.finlex.fi/sv/laki/alkup/2019/20190231">https://www.finlex.fi/sv/laki/alkup/2019/20190231</a>
                        </p>
                        <p>
                            The Government´s Statute on the entry into force of the MLI and the Act and the
      Finnish text (translation) of the MLI is published in the Treaty Series of the Statute Book of
      Finland SopS 21-22/2019. Links to Finnish language versions
                            <a href="https://www.finlex.fi/fi/sopimukset/sopsteksti/2019/20190021">https://www.finlex.fi/fi/sopimukset/sopsteksti/2019/20190021</a>
                                  and
                            <a href="https://www.finlex.fi/fi/sopimukset/sopsteksti/2019/20190022">https://www.finlex.fi/fi/sopimukset/sopsteksti/2019/20190022</a>
                                  Links to Swedish language versions
                            <a href="https://www.finlex.fi/sv/sopimukset/sopimussarja/2019/fds20190021.pdf">https://www.finlex.fi/sv/sopimukset/sopimussarja/2019/fds20190021.pdf</a>
                                  and
                            <a href="https://www.finlex.fi/sv/sopimukset/sopimussarja/2019/fds20190022.pdf">https://www.finlex.fi/sv/sopimukset/sopimussarja/2019/fds20190022.pdf</a>
                        </p>
                        <p>
                            The Announcement of the Ministry of Finance on withdrawal of reservation made to
      Article 9 of the MLI and on additional notifications is published in the Treaty Series of the
      Statute Book of Finland SopS 48/2023. Link to Finnish language version
                            <a href="https://finlex.fi/fi/sopimukset/sopsteksti/2023/20230048/20230048_1">https://finlex.fi/fi/sopimukset/sopsteksti/2023/20230048/20230048_1</a>
                                  Link to Swedish language version
                            <a href="https://finlex.fi/sv/sopimukset/sopimussarja/2023/fds20230048.pdf">https://finlex.fi/sv/sopimukset/sopimussarja/2023/fds20230048.pdf</a>
                        </p>
                        <p>
                            The Announcement of the Ministry of Finance on the entry into force of the MLI in the
      Kingdom of the Netherlands is published in the Treaty Series of the Statute Book of Finland
      SopS 31/2019. Link to Finnish language version
                            <a href="https://finlex.fi/fi/sopimukset/sopsteksti/2019/20190031">https://finlex.fi/fi/sopimukset/sopsteksti/2019/20190031</a>
                                  Link to Swedish language version
                            <a href="https://www.finlex.fi/sv/sopimukset/sopimussarja/2019/fds20190031.pdf">https://finlex.fi/sv/sopimukset/sopimussarja/2019/fds20190031.pdf</a>
                        </p>
                        <p>
                            Agreement between the Republic of Finland and the Kingdom of the Netherlands for the avoidance of double taxation and the prevention of fiscal evasion with respect to taxes on income and on capital signed on 28 December 1995 is published in the Treaty Series of the Statute Book of Finland SopS 84/1997. Link to Finnish language version: 
                            <a href="https://www.finlex.fi/fi/sopimukset/sopsteksti/1997/19970084">https://www.finlex.fi/fi/sopimukset/sopsteksti/1997/19970084</a>
                        </p>
                    </tblock>
                </embeddedStructure>
            </p>
            <p class="title">Agreement between the Republic of Finland and the Kingdom of the Netherlands for the avoidance of double taxation and the prevention of fiscal evasion with respect to taxes on income and on capital</p>
            <p>The Government of the Republic of Finland and the Government of the Kingdom of the Netherlands,</p>
            <p>
                <embeddedStructure class="mli-replaced">
                    <p>
                        <authorialNote>
                            <p>[REPLACED by paragraph 1 of Article 6 of the MLI]</p>
                        </authorialNote>
                    </p>
                    <p>[Desiring to conclude a new Agreement for the avoidance of double taxation and the prevention of fiscal evasion with respect to taxes on income and on capital,]</p>
                </embeddedStructure>
            </p>
            <p>
                <embeddedStructure class="mli-replacement">
                    <p>
                        <authorialNote>
                            <p>
                                The following paragraph 1 of Article 6 of the MLI replaces the text referring to an intent to eliminate double taxation in the preamble of this Agreement:
                                <authorialNote marker="1" placement="bottom">
                                    <p>In accordance with paragraphs 1 and 3 of Article 35 of the MLI, paragraph 1 of Article 6 of the MLI has effect with respect to the application of this Agreement by the Republic of Finland:</p>
                                    <p>a) with respect to taxes withheld at source on amounts paid or credited to nonresidents, where the event giving rise to such taxes occurs on or after 1 January 2020; and</p>
                                    <p>b) with respect to all other taxes levied by the Republic of Finland, for taxes levied with respect to taxable periods beginning on or after 1 January 2020;</p>
                                    <p>and,</p>
                                    <p>In accordance with paragraph 1 of Article 35 of the MLI, paragraph 1 of Article 6 of the MLI has effect with respect to the application of the Agreement by the Kingdom of the Netherlands:</p>
                                    <p>a) with respect to taxes withheld at source on amounts paid or credited to nonresidents, where the event giving rise to such taxes occurs on or after 1 January 2020; and</p>
                                    <p>b) with respect to all other taxes levied by the Kingdom of the Netherlands, for taxes levied with respect to taxable periods beginning on or after 1 January 2020.</p>
                                </authorialNote>
                            </p>
                        </authorialNote>
                    </p>
                    <article>
                        <num>ARTICLE 6 OF THE MLI – PURPOSE OF A COVERED TAX AGREEMENT</num>
                        <content>
                            <p>
                                Intending to eliminate double taxation with respect to the taxes covered by [
                                <i>this Agreement</i>
                                ] without creating opportunities for non-taxation or reduced taxation through tax evasion or avoidance (including through treaty-shopping arrangements aimed at obtaining reliefs provided in [
                                <i>the Agreement</i>
                                ] for the indirect benefit of residents of third jurisdictions),
                            </p>
                        </content>
                    </article>
                </embeddedStructure>
            </p>
            <p>Have agreed as follows:</p>
        </preamble>
        <mainBody>
            <chapter eId="chp_1">
                <num>Chapter I</num>
                <heading>Scope of the Agreement</heading>
                <article eId="chp_1__art_1">
                    <num>Article 1</num>
                    <heading>Personal Scope</heading>
                    <content>
                        <p>This Agreement shall apply to persons who are residents of one or both of the Contracting States.</p>
                    </content>
                </article>
                <article eId="chp_1__art_2">
                    <num>Article 2</num>
                    <heading>Taxes Covered</heading>
                    <content>
                        <p>1. This Agreement shall apply to taxes on income and on capital imposed on behalf of a Contracting State or of its political subdivisions or local authorities, irrespective of the manner in which they are levied.</p>
                        <p>2. There shall be regarded as taxes on income and on capital all taxes imposed on total income, on total capital, or on elements of income or of capital, including taxes on gains from the alienation of movable or immovable property, taxes on the total amounts of wages or salaries paid by enterprises, as well as taxes on capital appreciation.</p>
                        <p>3. The existing taxes to which the Agreement shall apply are:</p>
                        <p>a) in Finland:</p>
                        <p>(i) the state income taxes (valtion tuloverot; de statliga inkomstskatterna);</p>
                        <p>(ii) the corporate income tax (yhteisöjen tulovero; inkomstskatten för samfund);</p>
                        <p>(iii) the communal tax (kunnallisvero; kommunalskatten);</p>
                        <p>(iv) the church tax (kirkollisvero; kyrkoskatten);</p>
                        <p>(v) the tax withheld at source from interest (korkotulon lähdevero; källskatten på ränteinkomst);</p>
                        <p>(vi) the tax withheld at source from non-residents' income (lähdevero; källskatten); and</p>
                        <p>(vii) the state capital tax (valtion varallisuusvero; den statliga förmögenhetsskatten);</p>
                        <p>(hereinafter referred to as "Finnish tax");</p>
                        <p>b) in the Netherlands:</p>
                        <p>(i) the income tax (de inkomstenbelasting);</p>
                        <p>(ii) the wages tax (de loonbelasting);</p>
                        <p>(iii) the company tax (de vennootschapsbelasting), including the Government share in the net profits of the exploitation of natural resources levied pursuant to the Mijnwet 1810 (the Mining Act of 1810) with respect to concessions issued from 1967, or pursuant to the Mijnwet Continentaal Plat 1965 (the Netherlands Continental Shelf Mining Act of 1965);</p>
                        <p>(iv) the dividend tax (de dividendbelasting); and</p>
                        <p>(v) the capital tax (de vermogensbelasting);</p>
                        <p>(hereinafter referred to as "Netherlands tax").</p>
                        <p>4. The Agreement shall apply also to any identical or substantially similar taxes which are imposed after the date of signature of the Agreement in addition to, or in place of, the existing taxes. The competent authorities of the Contracting States shall notify each other of any significant changes which have been made in their respective taxation laws.</p>
                    </content>
                </article>
                <hcontainer eId="note_1" finlex:outline="huomautus" name="noteEditorial">
                    <content>
                        <p>
                            See also 
                            <a href="/akn/fi/doc/tax-treaty-consolidated/1997/84#protocol">Protocol</a>
                             to this Agreement.
                        </p>
                    </content>
                </hcontainer>
            </chapter>
            <chapter eId="chp_2">
                <num>Chapter II</num>
                <heading>Definitions</heading>
                <article eId="chp_2__art_3">
                    <num>Article 3</num>
                    <heading>General Definitions</heading>
                    <content>
                        <p>1. For the purposes of this Agreement, unless the context otherwise requires:</p>
                        <p>a) the term "a Contracting State" means the Netherlands or Finland, as the context requires; the term "the Contracting States" means the Netherlands and Finland;</p>
                        <p>b) the term "Finland" means the Republic of Finland and, when used in a geographical sense, means the territory of the Republic of Finland, and any area adjacent to the territorial waters of the Republic of Finland within which, under the laws of Finland and in accordance with international law, the rights of Finland with respect to the exploration for and exploitation of the natural resources of the sea bed and its sub-soil and of the superjacent waters may be exercised;</p>
                        <p>c) the term "Netherlands" means the part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands that is situated in Europe, including its territorial sea, and any area beyond the territorial sea within which the Netherlands, in accordance with international law, exercises jurisdiction or sovereign rights with respect to the sea bed, its sub-soil and its superjacent waters, and their natural resources;</p>
                        <p>d) the term "person" includes an individual, a company and any other body of persons;</p>
                        <p>e) the term "company" means any body corporate or any entity which is treated as a body corporate for tax purposes;</p>
                        <p>f) the terms "enterprise of a Contracting State" and "enterprise of the other Contracting State" mean respectively an enterprise carried on by a resident of a Contracting State and an enterprise carried on by a resident of the other Contracting State;</p>
                        <p>g) the term "national" means:</p>
                        <p>(i) any individual possessing the nationality of a Contracting State;</p>
                        <p>(ii) any legal person, partnership and association deriving its status as such from the laws in force in a Contracting State;</p>
                        <p>h) the term "international traffic" means any transport by a ship or aircraft operated by an enterprise which has its place of effective management in a Contracting State, except when the ship or aircraft is operated solely between places in the other Contracting State;</p>
                        <p>i) the term "competent authority" means:</p>
                        <p>(i) in Finland, the Ministry of Finance, its authorised representative or the authority which, by the Ministry of Finance, is designated as competent authority;</p>
                        <p>(ii) in the Netherlands, the Minister of Finance or his authorised representative.</p>
                        <p>2. As regards the application of the Agreement by a Contracting State any term not defined therein shall, unless the context otherwise requires, have the meaning which it has under the law of that State concerning the taxes to which the Agreement applies.</p>
                    </content>
                </article>
                <article eId="chp_2__art_4">
                    <num>Article 4</num>
                    <heading>Resicence</heading>
                    <content>
                        <p>1. For the purposes of this Agreement, the term "resident of a Contracting State" means any person who, under the laws of that State, is liable to tax therein by reason of his domicile, residence, place of management, place of incorporation (registration) or any other criterion of a similar nature. However, the term does not include any person who is liable to tax in that State in respect only of income from sources in that State or capital situated therein.</p>
                        <p>2. Where by reason of the provisions of paragraph 1 an individual is a resident of both Contracting States, then his status shall be determined as follows:</p>
                        <p>a) he shall be deemed to be a resident of the State in which he has a permanent home available to him; if he has a permanent home available to him in both States, he shall be deemed to be a resident of the State with which his personal and economic relations are closer (centre of vital interests);</p>
                        <p>b) if the State in which he has his centre of vital interests cannot be determined, or if he has not a permanent home available to him in either State, he shall be deemed to be a resident of the State in which he has an habitual abode;</p>
                        <p>c) if he has an habitual abode in both States or in neither of them, he shall be deemed to be a resident of the State of which he is a national;</p>
                        <p>d) if he is a national of both States or of neither of them, the competent authorities of the Contracting States shall settle the question by mutual agreement.</p>
                        <p>3. Where by reason of the provisions of paragraph 1 a person other than an individual is a resident of both Contracting States, then it shall be deemed to be a resident of the State in which its place of effective management is situated.</p>
                        <p>4. A Contracting State, a political subdivision or a statutory body or a local authority thereof, as well as a pension fund established in a Contracting State and exempt by reason of its nature as such in that State from taxes covered by Article 2 of the Agreement shall be deemed to be a resident of that State.</p>
                    </content>
                </article>
                <hcontainer eId="note_2" finlex:outline="huomautus" name="noteEditorial">
                    <content>
                        <p>
                            See also 
                            <a href="/akn/fi/doc/tax-treaty-consolidated/1997/84#protocol">Protocol</a>
                             to this Agreement.
                        </p>
                    </content>
                </hcontainer>
                <article eId="chp_2__art_5">
                    <num>Article 5</num>
                    <heading>Permanent Establishment</heading>
                    <content>
                        <p>1. For the purposes of this Agreement, the term "permanent establishment" means a fixed place of business through which the business of an enterprise is wholly or partly carried on.</p>
                        <p>2. The term "permanent establishment" includes especially:</p>
                        <p>a) a place of management;</p>
                        <p>b) a branch;</p>
                        <p>c) an office;</p>
                        <p>d) a factory;</p>
                        <p>e) a workshop; and</p>
                        <p>f) a mine, an oil or gas well, a quarry or any other place of extraction of natural resources.</p>
                        <p>3. A building site or construction or installation project constitutes a permanent establishment</p>
                        <p>only if it lasts more than twelve months.</p>
                        <p>4. Notwithstanding the preceding provisions of this Article, the term "permanent establishment" shall be deemed not to include:</p>
                        <p>a) the use of facilities solely for the purpose of storage, display or delivery of goods or merchandise belonging to the enterprise;</p>
                        <p>b) the maintenance of a stock of goods or merchandise belonging to the enterprise solely for the purpose of storage, display or delivery;</p>
                        <p>c) the maintenance of a stock of goods or merchandise belonging to the enterprise solely for the purpose of processing by another enterprise;</p>
                        <p>d) the maintenance of a fixed place of business solely for the purpose of purchasing goods or merchandise or of collecting information, for the enterprise;</p>
                        <p>e) the maintenance of a fixed place of business solely for the purpose of carrying on, for the enterprise, any other activity of a preparatory or auxiliary character;</p>
                        <p>f) the maintenance of a fixed place of business solely for any combination of activities mentioned in sub-paragraphs a) to e), provided that the overall activity of the fixed place of business resulting from this combination is of a preparatory or auxiliary character.</p>
                        <p>5. Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraphs 1 and 2, where a person – other than an agent of an independent status to whom paragraph 6 applies – is acting on behalf of an enterprise and has, and habitually exercises, in a Contracting State an authority to conclude contracts in the name of the enterprise, that enterprise shall be deemed to have a permanent establishment in that State in respect of any activities which that person undertakes for the enterprise, unless the activities of such person are limited to those mentioned in paragraph 4 which, if exercised through a fixed place of business, would not make this fixed place of business a permanent establishment under the provisions of that paragraph.</p>
                        <p>6. An enterprise shall not be deemed to have a permanent establishment in a Contracting</p>
                        <p>State merely because it carries on business in that State through a broker, general commission agent or any other agent of an independent status, provided that such persons are acting in the ordinary course of their business.</p>
                        <p>7. The fact that a company which is a resident of a Contracting State controls or is controlled by a company which is a resident of the other Contracting State, or which carries on business in that other State (whether through a permanent establishment or otherwise), shall not of itself constitute either company a permanent establishment of the other.</p>
                    </content>
                </article>
                <hcontainer eId="note_3" finlex:outline="huomautus" name="noteEditorial">
                    <content>
                        <p>
                            See also 
                            <a href="/akn/fi/doc/tax-treaty-consolidated/1997/84#protocol">Protocol</a>
                             to this Agreement.
                        </p>
                    </content>
                </hcontainer>
            </chapter>
            <chapter eId="chp_3">
                <num>Chapter III</num>
                <heading>Taxation of Income</heading>
                <article eId="chp_3__art_6">
                    <num>Article 6</num>
                    <heading>Income from Immovable Property</heading>
                    <content>
                        <p>1. Income derived by a resident of a Contracting State from immovable property (including income from agriculture or forestry) situated in the other Contracting State may be taxed in that other State.</p>
                        <p>2. a) The term "immovable property" shall, subject to the provisions of sub-paragraphs</p>
                        <p>b) and c), have the meaning which it has under the law of the Contracting State in which the property in question is situated.</p>
                        <p>b) The term "immovable property" shall in any case include buildings, property accessory to immovable property, livestock and equipment used in agriculture and forestry, rights to which the provisions of general law respecting landed property apply, usufruct of immovable property and rights to variable or fixed payments as consideration for the working of, or the right to work, mineral deposits, sources and other natural resources.</p>
                        <p>c) Ships and aircraft shall not be regarded as immovable property.</p>
                        <p>3. The provisions of paragraph 1 shall apply to income derived from the direct use, letting, or use in any other form of immovable property.</p>
                        <p>4. The provisions of paragraphs 1 and 3 shall also apply to the income from immovable property of an enterprise and to income from immovable property used for the performance of independent personal services.</p>
                    </content>
                </article>
                <hcontainer eId="note_4" finlex:outline="huomautus" name="noteEditorial">
                    <content>
                        <p>
                            See also 
                            <a href="/akn/fi/doc/tax-treaty-consolidated/1997/84#protocol">Protocol</a>
                             to this Agreement.
                        </p>
                    </content>
                </hcontainer>
                <article eId="chp_3__art_7">
                    <num>Article 7</num>
                    <heading>Business Profits</heading>
                    <content>
                        <p>1. The profits of an enterprise of a Contracting State shall be taxable only in that State unless the enterprise carries on business in the other Contracting State through a permanent establishment situated therein. If the enterprise carries on business as aforesaid, the profits of the enterprise may be taxed in the other State but only so much of them as is attributable to that permanent establishment.</p>
                        <p>2. Subject to the provisions of paragraph 3, where an enterprise of a Contracting State carries on business in the other Contracting State through a permanent establishment situated therein, there shall in each Contracting State be attributed to that permanent establishment the profits which it might be expected to make if it were a distinct and separate enterprise engaged in the same or similar activities under the same or similar conditions and dealing wholly independently with the enterprise of which it is a permanent establishment.</p>
                        <p>3. In determining the profits of a permanent establishment, there shall be allowed as deductions expenses which are incurred for the purposes of the permanent establishment, including executive and general administrative expenses so incurred, whether in the State in which the permanent establishment is situated or elsewhere.</p>
                        <p>4. No profits shall be attributed to a permanent establishment by reason of the mere purchase by that permanent establishment of goods or merchandise for the enterprise.</p>
                        <p>5. For the purposes of the preceding paragraphs, the profits to be attributed to the permanent establishment shall be determined by the same method year by year unless there is good and sufficient reason to the contrary.</p>
                        <p>6. Where profits include items of income which are dealt with separately in other Articles of this Agreement, then the provisions of those Articles shall not be affected by the provisions of this Article.</p>
                    </content>
                </article>
                <hcontainer eId="note_5" finlex:outline="huomautus" name="noteEditorial">
                    <content>
                        <p>
                            See also 
                            <a href="/akn/fi/doc/tax-treaty-consolidated/1997/84#protocol">Protocol</a>
                             to this Agreement.
                        </p>
                    </content>
                </hcontainer>
                <article eId="chp_3__art_8">
                    <num>Article 8</num>
                    <heading>Shipping and Air Transport</heading>
                    <content>
                        <p>1. Profits from the operation of ships or aircraft in international traffic shall be taxable only in the Contracting State in which the place of effective management of the enterprise is situated. If that State according to its legislation cannot tax the whole of the profits, those profits shall be taxable only in the Contracting State of which the enterprise is a resident.</p>
                        <p>2. If the place of effective management of a shipping enterprise is aboard a ship, then it shall be deemed to be situated in the Contracting State in which the home harbour of the ship is situated, or, if there is no such home harbour, in the Contracting State of which the operator of the ship is a resident.</p>
                        <p>3. The provisions of paragraph 1 shall also apply to profits from the participation in a pool, a joint business or an international operating agency.</p>
                    </content>
                </article>
                <article eId="chp_3__art_9">
                    <num>Article 9</num>
                    <heading>Associated Enterprises</heading>
                    <content>
                        <p>1. Where</p>
                        <p>a) an enterprise of a Contracting State participates directly or indirectly in the management, control or capital of an enterprise of the other Contracting State, or</p>
                        <p>b) the same persons participate, directly or indirectly in the management, control or capital of an enterprise of a Contracting State and an enterprise of the other Contracting State, </p>
                        <p>and in either case conditions are made or imposed between the two enterprises in their commercial or financial relations which differ from those which would be made between independent enterprises, then any profits which would, but for those conditions, have accrued to one of the enterprises, but, by reason of those conditions, have not so accrued, may be included in the profits of that enterprise and taxed accordingly. It is understood, however, that the fact that associated enterprises have concluded arrangements, such as cost-sharing arrangements or general services agreements, for or based on the allocation of executive, general administrative, technical and commercial expenses, research and development expenses and other similar expenses, is not in itself a condition as meant in the preceding sentence.</p>
                        <p>2. Where a Contracting State includes in the profits of an enterprise of that State – and taxes accordingly – profits on which an enterprise of the other Contracting State has been charged to tax in that other State and the profits so included are profits which would have accrued to the enterprise of the first-mentioned State if the conditions made between the two enterprises had been those which would have been made between independent enterprises, then that other State shall make an appropriate adjustment to the amount of tax charged therein on those profits, where that other State considers the adjustment justified. In determining such adjustment, due regard shall be had to the other provisions of this Agreement and the competent authorities of the Contracting States shall if necessary consult each other.</p>
                    </content>
                </article>
                <article eId="chp_3__art_10">
                    <num>Article 10</num>
                    <heading>Dividends</heading>
                    <content>
                        <p>1. Dividends paid by a company which is a resident of a Contracting State to a resident of the other Contracting State may be taxed in that other State.</p>
                        <p>2. However, such dividends may also be taxed in the Contracting State of which the company paying the dividends is a resident and according to the laws of that State, but if the recipient is the beneficial owner of the dividends the tax so charged shall not exceed 15 per cent of the gross amount of the dividends.</p>
                        <p>3. Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph 2, the Contracting State of which the company is a resident shall not levy a tax on dividends paid by that company to a company the capital of which is wholly or partly divided into shares and which is a resident of the other Contracting State and holds directly at least 5 per cent of the capital of the company paying the dividends, or to a pension fund referred to in paragraph 4 of Article 4, if the recipient is the beneficial owner of the dividends and of the shares or other corporate rights giving right to the dividends.</p>
                        <p>4. Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph 1, 2 and 3, as long as an individual resident in Finland is entitled to a tax credit in respect of dividends paid by a company resident in Finland, dividends paid by a company which is a resident of Finland to a resident of the Netherlands shall be taxable only in the Netherlands if the recipient is the beneficial owner of the dividends and of the shares or other corporate rights giving right to the dividends.</p>
                        <p>5. The competent authorities of the Contracting States shall by mutual agreement settle the mode of application of paragraphs 2, 3 and 4.</p>
                        <p>6. The provisions of paragraphs 2, 3 and 4 shall not affect the taxation of the company in respect of the profits out of which the dividends are paid.</p>
                        <p>7. The term "dividends" as used in this Article means income from shares, or other rights participating in profits, as well as income from debt-claims participating in profits and income from other corporate rights which is subjected to the same taxation treatment as income from shares by the laws of the State of which the company making the distribution is a resident.</p>
                        <p>8. The provisions of paragraphs 1, 2, 3 and 4 shall not apply if the beneficial owner of the dividends, being a resident of a Contracting State, carries on business in the other Contracting State of which the company paying the dividends is a resident, through a permanent establishment situated therein, or performs in that other State independent personal services from a fixed base situated therein, and the holding in respect of which the dividends are paid is effectively connected with such permanent establishment or fixed base. In such case the provisions of Article 7 or Article 14, as the case may be, shall apply.</p>
                        <p>9. Where a company which is a resident of a Contracting State derives profits or income from the other Contracting State, that other State may not impose any tax on the dividends paid by the company, except insofar as such dividends are paid to a resident of that other State or insofar as the holding in respect of which the dividends are paid is effectively connected with a permanent establishment or a fixed base situated in that other State, nor subject the company's undistributed profits to a tax on the company's undistributed profits, even if the dividends paid or the undistributed profits consist wholly or partly of profits or income arising in such other State.</p>
                    </content>
                </article>
                <hcontainer eId="note_6" finlex:outline="huomautus" name="noteEditorial">
                    <content>
                        <p>
                            See also 
                            <a href="/akn/fi/doc/tax-treaty-consolidated/1997/84#protocol">Protocol</a>
                             to this Agreement.
                        </p>
                    </content>
                </hcontainer>
                <article eId="chp_3__art_11">
                    <num>Article 11</num>
                    <heading>Interest</heading>
                    <content>
                        <p>1. Interest arising in a Contracting State and paid to a resident of the other Contracting State shall be taxable only in that other State if such resident is the beneficial owner of the interest.</p>
                        <p>2. The term "interest" as used in this Article means income from debt-claims of every kind, whether or not secured by mortgage, but not carrying a right to participate in the debtor's profits, and in particular, income from government securities and income from bonds or debentures, including premiums and prizes attaching to such securities, bonds or debentures. Penalty charges for late payment shall not be regarded as interest for the purpose of this Article.</p>
                        <p>3. The provisions of paragraph 1 shall not apply if the beneficial owner of the interest, being a resident of a Contracting State, carries on business in the other Contracting State in which the interest arises, through a permanent establishment situated therein, or performs in that other State independent personal services from a fixed base situated therein, and the debt-claim in respect of which the interest is paid is effectively connected with such permanent establishment or fixed base. In such case the provisions of Article 7 or Article 14, as the case may be, shall apply.</p>
                        <p>4. Interest shall be deemed to arise in a Contracting State when the payer is a resident of that State. Where, however, the person paying the interest, whether he is a resident of a Contracting State or not, has in a Contracting State a permanent establishment or a fixed base in connection with which the indebtedness on which the interest is paid was incurred, and such interest is borne by such permanent establishment or fixed base, then such interest shall be deemed to arise in the State in which the permanent establishment or fixed base is situated.</p>
                        <p>5. Where, by reason of a special relationship between the payer and the beneficial owner or between both of them and some other person, the amount of the interest, having regard to the debt-claim for which it is paid, exceeds the amount which would have been agreed upon by the payer and the beneficial owner in the absence of such relationship, the provisions of this Article shall apply only to the last-mentioned amount. In such case, the excess part of the payments shall remain taxable according to the laws of each Contracting State, due regard being had to the other provisions of this Agreement.</p>
                    </content>
                </article>
                <hcontainer eId="note_7" finlex:outline="huomautus" name="noteEditorial">
                    <content>
                        <p>
                            See also 
                            <a href="/akn/fi/doc/tax-treaty-consolidated/1997/84#protocol">Protocol</a>
                             to this Agreement.
                        </p>
                    </content>
                </hcontainer>
                <article eId="chp_3__art_12">
                    <num>Article 12</num>
                    <heading>Royalties</heading>
                    <content>
                        <p>1. Royalties arising in a Contracting State and paid to a resident of the other Contracting State shall be taxable only in that other State if such resident is the beneficial owner of the royalties.</p>
                        <p>2. The term "royalties" as used in this Article means payments of any kind received as a consideration </p>
                        <p>a) for the use of, or the right to use, any copyright of literary, artistic or scientific work including cinematograph films, and films or tapes for television or radio broadcasting;</p>
                        <p>b) for the use of, or the right to use, any patent, trade mark, design or model, plan, secret formula or process;</p>
                        <p>c) for information concerning industrial, commercial or scientific experience.</p>
                        <p>3. The provisions of paragraph 1 shall not apply if the beneficial owner of the royalties, being a resident of a Contracting State, carries on business in the other Contracting State in which the royalties arise, through a permanent establishment situated therein, or performs in that other State independent personal services from a fixed base situated therein, and the right or property in respect of which the royalties are paid is effectively connected with such permanent establishment or fixed base. In such case the provisions of Article 7 or Article 14, as the case may be, shall apply.</p>
                        <p>4. Royalties shall be deemed to arise in a Contracting State when the payer is a resident of that State. Where, however, the person paying the royalties, whether he is a resident of a Contracting State or not, has in a Contracting State a permanent establishment or a fixed base in connection with which the liability to pay the royalties was incurred, and such royalties are borne by such permanent establishment or fixed base, then such royalties shall be deemed to arise in the State in which the permanent establishment or fixed base is situated.</p>
                        <p>5. Where, by reason of a special relationship between the payer and the beneficial owner or between both of them and some other person, the amount of the royalties, having regard to the use, right or information for which they are paid, exceeds the amount which would have been agreed upon by the payer and the beneficial owner in the absence of such relationship, the provisions of this Article shall apply only to the last-mentioned amount. In such case, the excess part of the payments shall remain taxable according to the laws of each Contracting State, due regard being had to the other provisions of this Agreement.</p>
                    </content>
                </article>
                <hcontainer eId="note_8" finlex:outline="huomautus" name="noteEditorial">
                    <content>
                        <p>
                            See also 
                            <a href="/akn/fi/doc/tax-treaty-consolidated/1997/84#protocol">Protocol</a>
                             to this Agreement.
                        </p>
                    </content>
                </hcontainer>
                <article eId="chp_3__art_13">
                    <num>Article 13</num>
                    <heading>Capital Gains</heading>
                    <content>
                        <p>1. Gains derived by a resident of a Contracting State from the alienation of immovable property referred to in paragraph 2 of Article 6 and situated in the other Contracting State may be taxed in that other State.</p>
                        <p>2. Gains from the alienation of movable property forming part of the business property of a permanent establishment which an enterprise of a Contracting State has in the other Contracting State or of movable property pertaining to a fixed base available to a resident of a Contracting State in the other Contracting State for the purpose of performing independent personal services, including such gains from the alienation of such a permanent establishment (alone or with the whole enterprise) or of such fixed base, may be taxed in that other State.</p>
                        <p>3. Gains from the alienation of ships or aircraft operated in international traffic or movable property pertaining to the operation of such ships or aircraft, shall be taxable only in the Contracting State in which the place of effective management of the enterprise is situated. If that State according to its legislation cannot tax the whole of the gains, the gains shall be taxable only in the Contracting State of which the alienator is a resident. For the purposes of this paragraph, the provisions of paragraph 2 of Article 8 shall apply.</p>
                        <p>4. Gains from the alienation of any property other than that referred to in the preceding paragraphs of this Article, shall be taxable only in the Contracting State of which the alienator is a resident.</p>
                        <p>5. The provisions of paragraph 4 shall not affect the right of a Contracting State to levy according to its own law a tax on gains from the alienation of shares or "jouissance" rights in a company, the capital of which is wholly or partly divided into shares and which under the laws of that State is a resident thereof, derived by an individual who is a resident of the other Contracting State and has been a resident of the first-mentioned State in the course of the last five years preceding the alienation of the shares or "jouissance" rights.</p>
                    </content>
                </article>
                <hcontainer eId="note_9" finlex:outline="huomautus" name="noteEditorial">
                    <content>
                        <p>
                            See also 
                            <a href="/akn/fi/doc/tax-treaty-consolidated/1997/84#protocol">Protocol</a>
                             to this Agreement.
                        </p>
                    </content>
                </hcontainer>
                <article eId="chp_3__art_14">
                    <num>Article 14</num>
                    <heading>Independent Personal Services</heading>
                    <content>
                        <p>1. Income derived by a resident of a Contracting State in respect of professional services or other activities of an independent character shall be taxable only in that State unless he has a fixed base regularly available to him in the other Contracting State for the purpose of performing his activities. If he has such a fixed base, the income may be taxed in the other State but only so much of it as is attributable to that fixed base.</p>
                        <p>2. The term "professional services" includes especially independent scientific, literary, artistic, educational or teaching activities as well as the independent activities of physicians, lawyers, engineers, architects, dentists and accountants.</p>
                    </content>
                </article>
                <article eId="chp_3__art_15">
                    <num>Article 15</num>
                    <heading>Dependent Personal Services</heading>
                    <content>
                        <p>1. Subject to the provisions of Articles 16, 18, 19 and 20, salaries, wages and other similar remuneration derived by a resident of a Contracting State in respect of an employment shall be taxable only in that State unless the employment is exercised in the other Contracting State. If the employment is so exercised, such remuneration as is derived therefrom may be taxed in that other State.</p>
                        <p>2. Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph 1, remuneration derived by a resident of a Contracting State in respect of an employment exercised in the other Contracting State shall be taxable only in the first-mentioned State if:</p>
                        <p>a) the recipient is present in the other State for a period or periods not exceeding in the aggregate 183 days within any twelve-month period commencing or ending in the calendar year concerned, and</p>
                        <p>b) the remuneration is paid by, or on behalf of, an employer who is not a resident of the other State, and</p>
                        <p>c) the remuneration is not borne by a permanent establishment or a fixed base which the employer has in the other State.</p>
                        <p>3. Notwithstanding the preceding provisions of this Article, remuneration derived by a resident of a Contracting State in respect of an employment exercised aboard a ship or aircraft operated in international traffic shall be taxable only in that State.</p>
                    </content>
                </article>
                <article eId="chp_3__art_16">
                    <num>Article 16</num>
                    <heading>Directors' Fees</heading>
                    <content>
                        <p>Directors' fees and other payments derived by a resident of a Contracting State in his capacity as a member of the board of directors or any other similar organ of a company which is a resident of the other Contracting State may be taxed in that other State.</p>
                    </content>
                </article>
                <hcontainer eId="note_10" finlex:outline="huomautus" name="noteEditorial">
                    <content>
                        <p>
                            See also 
                            <a href="/akn/fi/doc/tax-treaty-consolidated/1997/84#protocol">Protocol</a>
                             to this Agreement.
                        </p>
                    </content>
                </hcontainer>
                <article eId="chp_3__art_17">
                    <num>Article 17</num>
                    <heading>Artistes and Sportsmen</heading>
                    <content>
                        <p>1. Notwithstanding the provisions of Articles 14 and 15, income derived by a resident of a Contracting State as an entertainer, such as a theatre, motion picture, radio or television artiste, or a musician, or as a sportsman, from his personal activities as such exercised in the other Contracting State, may be taxed in that other State.</p>
                        <p>2. Where income in respect of personal activities exercised by an entertainer or a sportsman in his capacity as such accrues not to the entertainer or sportsman himself but to another person, that income may, notwithstanding the provisions of Articles 7, 14 and 15, be taxed in the Contracting State in which the activities of the entertainer or sportsman are exercised.</p>
                    </content>
                </article>
                <article eId="chp_3__art_18">
                    <num>Article 18</num>
                    <heading>Pensions, Annuities and Social Security Payments</heading>
                    <content>
                        <p>1. Subject to the provisions of paragraph 3 of this Article and of paragraph 2 of Article 19, pensions and other similar remuneration in consideration of past employment, and any annuities, arising in a Contracting State, and paid to a resident of the other Contracting State may be taxed in that other State.</p>
                        <p>2. However, such pensions and other similar remuneration derived by a resident of a Contracting State, where the employment was exercised in the other Contracting State, and annuities, derived by a resident of a Contracting State, where arising in the other Contracting State, may also be taxed in that other State and according to the laws of that State, but if the payment is of a periodic nature the tax so charged shall not exceed 20 per cent of the gross amount of the payment.</p>
                        <p>3. Any pension paid and other payment made under the rules of a social security system of a Contracting State to a resident of the other Contracting State shall be taxable only in the first-mentioned State.</p>
                        <p>4. The term "annuity" as used in this Article means a stated sum payable periodically at stated times during life, or during a specified or ascertainable period of time, under an obligation to make the payments in return for adequate and full consideration in money or money's worth (other than services rendered).</p>
                    </content>
                </article>
                <hcontainer eId="note_11" finlex:outline="huomautus" name="noteEditorial">
                    <content>
                        <p>
                            See also 
                            <a href="/akn/fi/doc/tax-treaty-consolidated/1997/84#protocol">Protocol</a>
                             to this Agreement.
                        </p>
                    </content>
                </hcontainer>
                <article eId="chp_3__art_19">
                    <num>Article 19</num>
                    <heading>Government Service</heading>
                    <content>
                        <p>1. a) Salaries, wages and other similar remuneration, other than a pension, paid by a Contracting State, or a political subdivision or a statutory body or a local authority thereof, to an individual in respect of services rendered to that State or subdivision or body or authority shall be taxable only in that State.</p>
                        <p>b) However, such salaries, wages and other similar remuneration shall be taxable only in the Contracting State of which the individual is a resident if the services are rendered in that State and the individual:</p>
                        <p>(i) is a national of that State; or</p>
                        <p>(ii) did not become a resident of that State solely for the purpose of rendering the services.</p>
                        <p>2. a) Any pension paid by, or out of funds created by, a Contracting State, or a political subdivision or a statutory body or a local authority thereof to an individual in respect of services rendered, to that State or subdivision or body or authority shall be taxable only in that State.</p>
                        <p>b) However, such pension shall be taxable only in the Contracting State of which the individual is a resident if he is a national of that State.</p>
                        <p>3. The provisions of Articles 15, 16 and 18 shall apply to salaries, wages and other similar remuneration, and to pensions, in respect of services rendered in connection with a business carried on by a Contracting State, or a political subdivision or a statutory body or a local authority thereof.</p>
                    </content>
                </article>
                <article eId="chp_3__art_20">
                    <num>Article 20</num>
                    <heading>Students and Trainees</heading>
                    <content>
                        <p>1. Payments which a student or business, technical, agricultural or forestry trainee who is or was immediately before visiting a Contracting State a resident of the other Contracting State and who is present in the first-mentioned State solely for the purpose of his education or training receives for the purpose of his maintenance, education or training shall not be taxed in that State, provided that such payments arise from sources outside that State.</p>
                        <p>2. A student at a university or other institution for higher education in a Contracting State, or a business, technical, agricultural or forestry trainee who is or was immediately before visiting the other Contracting State a resident of the first-mentioned State and who is present in the other Contracting State for a continuous period not exceeding 183 days, shall not be taxed in that other State in respect of remuneration for services rendered in that State, provided that the services are in connection with his studies or training and the remuneration constitutes earnings necessary for his maintenance.</p>
                    </content>
                </article>
                <hcontainer eId="note_12" finlex:outline="huomautus" name="noteEditorial">
                    <content>
                        <p>
                            See also 
                            <a href="/akn/fi/doc/tax-treaty-consolidated/1997/84#protocol">Protocol</a>
                             to this Agreement.
                        </p>
                    </content>
                </hcontainer>
                <article eId="chp_3__art_21">
                    <num>Article 21</num>
                    <heading>Other Income</heading>
                    <content>
                        <p>1. Items of income of a resident of a Contracting State, wherever arising, not dealt with in the foregoing Articles of this Agreement shall be taxable only in that State.</p>
                        <p>2. The provisions of paragraph 1 shall not apply to income, other than income from immovable property as defined in paragraph 2 of Article 6, if the recipient of such income, being a resident of a Contracting State, carries on business in the other Contracting State through a permanent establishment situated therein, or performs in that other State independent personal services from a fixed base situated therein, and the right or property in respect of which the income is paid is effectively connected with such permanent establishment or fixed base. In such case the provisions of Article 7 or Article 14, as the case may be, shall apply.</p>
                    </content>
                </article>
            </chapter>
            <chapter eId="chp_4">
                <num>Chapter IV</num>
                <heading>Taxation of Capital</heading>
                <article eId="chp_4__art_22">
                    <num>Article 22</num>
                    <heading>Capital</heading>
                    <content>
                        <p>1. Capital represented by immovable property referred to in paragraph 2 of Article 6, owned by a resident of a Contracting State and situated in the other Contracting State, may be taxed in that other State.</p>
                        <p>2. Capital represented by movable property forming part of the business property of a permanent establishment which an enterprise of a Contracting State has in the other Contracting State or by movable property pertaining to a fixed base available to a resident of a Contracting State in the other Contracting State for the purpose of performing independent personal services, may be taxed in that other State.</p>
                        <p>3. Capital represented by ships and aircraft operated in international traffic and by movable property pertaining to the operation of such ships and aircraft, shall be taxable only in the Contracting State in which the place of effective management of the enterprise is situated. If that State according to its legislation cannot tax the whole of the capital, the capital shall be taxable only in the Contracting State of which the enterprise is a resident. For the purposes of this paragraph, the provisions of paragraph 2 of Article 8 shall apply.</p>
                        <p>4. All other elements of capital of a resident of a Contracting State shall be taxable only in that State.</p>
                    </content>
                </article>
                <hcontainer eId="note_13" finlex:outline="huomautus" name="noteEditorial">
                    <content>
                        <p>
                            See also 
                            <a href="/akn/fi/doc/tax-treaty-consolidated/1997/84#protocol">Protocol</a>
                             to this Agreement.
                        </p>
                    </content>
                </hcontainer>
            </chapter>
            <chapter eId="chp_5">
                <num>Chapter V</num>
                <heading>Methods for Elimination of Double Taxation</heading>
                <article eId="chp_5__art_23">
                    <num>Article 23</num>
                    <heading>Elimination of Double Taxation</heading>
                    <content>
                        <p>1. In Finland double taxation shall be eliminated as follows:</p>
                        <p>a) Where a resident of Finland derives income or owns capital which, in accordance with the provisions of this Agreement, may be taxed in the Netherlands, Finland shall, subject to the provisions of sub-paragraph b), allow:</p>
                        <p>(i) as a deduction from the tax on the income of that person, an amount equal to the tax on income paid in the Netherlands;</p>
                        <p>(ii) as a deduction from the tax on the capital of that person, an amount equal to the tax on capital paid in the Netherlands.</p>
                        <p>Such deduction in either case shall not, however, exceed that part of the tax on income or on capital, as computed before the deduction is given, which is attributable, as the case may be, to the income or the capital which may be taxed in the Netherlands.</p>
                        <p>b) Dividends paid by a company being a resident of the Netherlands to a company which is a resident of Finland and which controls directly at least 10 per cent of the voting power in the company paying the dividends shall be exempt from Finnish tax.</p>
                        <p>2. In the Netherlands double taxation shall be eliminated as follows:</p>
                        <p>a) The Netherlands, when imposing tax on its residents, may include in the basis upon which such taxes are imposed the items of income or capital which, according to the provisions of the Agreement, may be taxed in Finland.</p>
                        <p>
                            <embeddedStructure class="mli-replaced">
                                <p>
                                    <authorialNote>
                                        <p>[MODIFIED by paragraph 2 of Article 5 of the MLI]</p>
                                    </authorialNote>
                                </p>
                                <p>[b) However, where a resident of the Netherlands derives items of income or owns items of capital which according to Article 6, Article 7, paragraph 8 of Article 10, paragraph 3 of Article 11, paragraph 3 of Article 12, paragraphs 1 and 2 of Article 13, Article 14, paragraph 1 of Article 15, paragraph 2 of Article 21 and paragraphs 1 and 2 of Article 22 may be taxed in Finland and are included in the basis referred to in sub-paragraph a) of this paragraph, the Netherlands shall exempt such items of income or capital by allowing a reduction of its tax. This reduction shall be computed in conformity with the provisions of Netherlands law for the avoidance of double taxation. For that purpose the said items of income or capital shall be deemed to be included in the total amount of the items of income or capital which are exempt from Netherlands tax under those provisions.]</p>
                            </embeddedStructure>
                        </p>
                        <p>
                            <embeddedStructure class="mli-replacement">
                                <p>
                                    <authorialNote>
                                        <p>
                                            The following paragraph 2 of Article 5 of the MLI applies to sub-paragraph b) of paragraph 2 of Article 23 of this Agreement with respect to the residents of the Netherlands:
                                            <authorialNote marker="2" placement="bottom">
                                                <p>In accordance with paragraphs 1 and 3 of Article 35 of the MLI, paragraph 2 of Article 5 of the MLI has effect with respect to the application of this Agreement by the Republic of Finland:</p>
                                                <p>a) with respect to taxes withheld at source on amounts paid or credited to nonresidents, where the event giving rise to such taxes occurs on or after 1 January 2020; and</p>
                                                <p>b) with respect to all other taxes levied by the Republic of Finland, for taxes levied with respect to taxable periods beginning on or after 1 January 2020;</p>
                                                <p>and,</p>
                                                <p>In accordance with paragraph 1 of Article 35 of the MLI, paragraph 2 of Article 5 of the MLI has effect with respect to the application of the Agreement by the Kingdom of the Netherlands:</p>
                                                <p>a) with respect to taxes withheld at source on amounts paid or credited to nonresidents, where the event giving rise to such taxes occurs on or after 1 January 2020; and</p>
                                                <p>b) with respect to all other taxes levied by the Kingdom of the Netherlands, for taxes levied with respect to taxable periods beginning on or after 1 January 2020.</p>
                                            </authorialNote>
                                        </p>
                                    </authorialNote>
                                </p>
                                <article>
                                    <num>ARTICLE 5 OF THE MLI – APPLICATION OF METHODS FOR ELIMINATIONOF DOUBLE TAXATION (Option A)</num>
                                    <content>
                                        <p>
                                            [
                                            <i>Sub-paragraph b) of paragraph 2 of Article 23</i>
                                            <i>of the Agreement</i>
                                            ] shall not apply where [
                                            <i>Finland</i>
                                            ] applies the provisions of [
                                            <i>the Agreement</i>
                                            ] to exempt [
                                            <i>income derived or capital owned by a resident of the Netherlands</i>
                                            ] from tax or to limit the rate at which such income or capital may be taxed. In the latter case, [
                                            <i>the Netherlands</i>
                                            ] shall allow as a deduction from the tax on the income or capital of that resident an amount equal to the tax paid in [
                                            <i>Finland</i>
                                            ]. Such deduction shall not, however, exceed that part of the tax, as computed before the deduction is given, which is attributable to such items of income or capital which may be taxed in [
                                            <i>Finland</i>
                                            ].
                                        </p>
                                    </content>
                                </article>
                            </embeddedStructure>
                        </p>
                        <p>c) Further, the Netherlands shall allow a deduction from the Netherlands tax so computed for the items of income which according to paragraph 2 of Article 10, paragraph 5 of Article 13, Article 16, Article 17 and paragraph 2 of Article 18 may be taxed in Finland to the extent that these items are included in the basis referred to in sub-paragraph a) of this paragraph. The amount of this deduction shall be equal to the tax paid in Finland on these items of income, but shall not exceed the amount of the reduction which would be allowed if the items of income so included were the sole items of income which are exempt from Netherlands Tax under the provisions of Netherlands law for the avoidance of double taxation.</p>
                        <p>3. Where in accordance with any provision of the Agreement income derived or capital owned by a resident of a Contracting State is exempt from tax in that State, such State may nevertheless, in calculating the amount of tax on the remaining income or capital of such resident, take into account the exempted income or capital.</p>
                    </content>
                </article>
                <hcontainer eId="note_14" finlex:outline="huomautus" name="noteEditorial">
                    <content>
                        <p>
                            See also 
                            <a href="/akn/fi/doc/tax-treaty-consolidated/1997/84#protocol">Protocol</a>
                             to this Agreement.
                        </p>
                    </content>
                </hcontainer>
            </chapter>
            <chapter eId="chp_6">
                <num>Chapter VI</num>
                <heading>Special Provisions</heading>
                <article eId="chp_6__art_24">
                    <num>Article 24</num>
                    <heading>Offshore Activities</heading>
                    <content>
                        <p>1. Notwithstanding any other provision of this Agreement, the provisions of this Article shall apply to offshore activities, except for a person who carries out those activities through a permanent establishment under the provisions of Article 5 or a fixed base under the provisions of Article 14. In case the provisions of this Article do not apply only the other provisions of the Agreement shall apply.</p>
                        <p>2. In this Article the term "offshore activities" means activities which are carried on offshore in connection with the exploration or exploitation of the sea bed and its subsoil and their natural resources, situated in one of the States.</p>
                        <p>3. An enterprise of a Contracting State which carries on offshore activities in the other Contracting State shall, subject to paragraph 4, be deemed to be carrying on, in respect of those activities, business in that other State through a permanent establishment situated therein, unless the offshore activities in question are carried on in the other State for a period or periods not exceeding in the aggregate 30 days in any twelve-month period. </p>
                        <p>For the purpose of this paragraph:</p>
                        <p>a) where an enterprise carrying on offshore activities in the other Contracting State is associated with another enterprise and that other enterprise continues, as part of the same project, the same offshore activities that are or were being carried on by the first-mentioned enterprise, and the afore-mentioned activities carried on by both enterprises – when added together – exceed a period of 30 days, then each enterprise shall be deemed to be carrying on its activities for a period exceeding 30 days in a twelve-month period;</p>
                        <p>b) an enterprise shall be regarded as associated with another enterprise if one holds directly or indirectly at least one third of the capital of the other enterprise or if a person holds directly or indirectly at least one third of the capital of both enterprises.</p>
                        <p>4. However, for the purpose of paragraph 3, the term "offshore activities" shall be deemed not to include:</p>
                        <p>a) any activities or any combination of activities mentioned in paragraph 4 of Article 5;</p>
                        <p>b) towing or anchor handling by ships primarily designed for that purpose and any other activities performed by such ships;</p>
                        <p>c) the transport of supplies or personnel by ships or aircraft in international traffic.</p>
                        <p>5. A resident of a Contracting State who carries on offshore activities in the other Contracting State, which consist of professional services or other activities of an independent character, shall be deemed to be performing those activities from a fixed base in the other State if the offshore activities in question last for a continuous period of 30 days or more.</p>
                        <p>6. Salaries, wages and other similar remuneration derived by a resident of a Contracting State in respect of an employment connected with offshore activities carried on through a permanent establishment in the other Contracting State may, to the extent that the employment is exercised offshore in that other State, be taxed in that other State.</p>
                        <p>7. Where documentary evidence is produced that tax has been paid in Finland on the items of income which may be taxed in Finland according to Article 7 or Article 14 in connection with paragraph 3 or paragraph 5 of this Article, or paragraph 6 of this Article, the Netherlands shall allow a reduction of its tax which shall be computed in conformity with the rules laid down in sub-paragraph b) of paragraph 2 of Article 23.</p>
                    </content>
                </article>
                <article eId="chp_6__art_25">
                    <num>Article 25</num>
                    <heading>Non-Discrimination</heading>
                    <content>
                        <p>1. Nationals of a Contracting State shall not be subjected in the other Contracting State to any taxation or any requirement connected therewith, which is other or more burdensome than the taxation and connected requirements to which nationals of that other State in the same circumstances, in particular with respect to residence, are or may be subjected. This provision shall, notwithstanding the provisions of Article 1, also apply to persons who are not residents of one or both of the Contracting States.</p>
                        <p>2. The taxation on a permanent establishment which an enterprise of a Contracting State has in the other Contracting State shall not be less favourably levied in that other State than the taxation levied on enterprises of that other State carrying on the same activities. This provision shall not be construed as obliging a Contracting State to grant to residents of the other Contracting State any personal allowances, reliefs and reductions for taxation purposes on account of civil status or family responsibilities which it grants to its own residents.</p>
                        <p>3. Except where the provisions of paragraph 1 of Article 9, paragraph 5 of Article 11, or paragraph 5 of Article 12, apply, interest, royalties and other disbursements paid by an enterprise of a Contracting State to a resident of the other Contracting State shall, for the purpose of determining the taxable profits of such enterprise, be deductible under the same conditions as if they had been paid to a resident of the first-mentioned State. Similarly, any debts of an enterprise of a Contracting State to a resident of the other Contracting State shall, for the purpose of determining the taxable capital of such enterprise, be deductible under the same conditions as if they had been contracted to a resident of the first-mentioned State.</p>
                        <p>4. Enterprises of a Contracting State, the capital of which is wholly or partly owned or controlled, directly or indirectly, by one or more residents of the other Contracting State, shall not be subjected in the first-mentioned State to any taxation or any requirement connected therewith which is other or more burdensome than the taxation and connected requirements to which other similar enterprises of the first-mentioned State are or may be subjected.</p>
                        <p>5. Contributions paid by, or on behalf of, an individual who is a resident of a Contracting State and who is not a national of that State, to a pension plan that is recognised for tax purposes in the other Contracting State will be treated in the same way for tax purposes in that first-mentioned State as a contribution paid to a pension plan that is recognised for tax purposes in that first-mentioned State, provided that </p>
                        <p>a) such individual was contributing to such pension plan before he became a resident of the first-mentioned State; and</p>
                        <p>b) the competent authority of the first-mentioned State agrees that the pension plan corresponds to a pension plan recognised for tax purposes by that State.</p>
                        <p>6. The competent authorities of the Contracting States may by mutual agreement prescribe conditional rules concerning the application of the provisions of paragraph 5.</p>
                        <p>7. For the purpose of paragraph 5, "pension plan" includes a pension plan created under a public social security system.</p>
                        <p>8. The provisions of this Article shall, notwithstanding the provisions of Article 2, apply to taxes of every kind and description.</p>
                    </content>
                </article>
                <article eId="chp_6__art_26">
                    <num>Article 26</num>
                    <heading>Mutual Agreement Procedure</heading>
                    <content>
                        <p>
                            <embeddedStructure class="mli-replaced">
                                <p>
                                    <authorialNote>
                                        <p>1. [The first sentence of paragraph 1 of Article 26 of this Agreement is REPLACED by the first sentence of paragraph 1 of Article 16 of the MLI]</p>
                                    </authorialNote>
                                </p>
                                <p>[Where a person considers that the actions of one or both of the Contracting States result or will result for him in taxation not in accordance with the provisions of this Agreement, he may, irrespective of the remedies provided by the domestic law of those States, present his case to the competent authority of the Contracting State of which he is a resident or, if his case comes under paragraph 1 of Article 25, to that of the Contracting State of which he is a national.] The case must be presented within three years from the first notification of the action resulting in taxation not in accordance with the provisions of the Agreement.</p>
                            </embeddedStructure>
                        </p>
                        <p>
                            <embeddedStructure class="mli-replacement">
                                <p>
                                    <authorialNote>
                                        <p>
                                            The following first sentence of paragraph 1 of Article 16 of the MLI replaces the first sentence of paragraph 1 of Article 26 of this Agreement:
                                            <authorialNote marker="3" placement="bottom">
                                                <p>In accordance with paragraphs 1 and 3 of Article 35 of the MLI, the first sentence of paragraph 1 of Article 16 of the MLI has effect with respect to the application of this Agreement by the Republic of Finland:</p>
                                                <p>a) with respect to taxes withheld at source on amounts paid or credited to nonresidents, where the event giving rise to such taxes occurs on or after 1 January 2020; and</p>
                                                <p>b) with respect to all other taxes levied by the Republic of Finland, for taxes levied with respect to taxable periods beginning on or after 1 January 2020;</p>
                                                <p>and,</p>
                                                <p>In accordance with paragraph 1 of Article 35 of the MLI, the first sentence of paragraph 1 of Article 16 of the MLI has effect with respect to the application of the Agreement by the Kingdom of the Netherlands:</p>
                                                <p>a) with respect to taxes withheld at source on amounts paid or credited to nonresidents, where the event giving rise to such taxes occurs on or after 1 January 2020; and</p>
                                                <p>b) with respect to all other taxes levied by the Kingdom of the Netherlands, for taxes levied with respect to taxable periods beginning on or after 1 January 2020.</p>
                                            </authorialNote>
                                        </p>
                                    </authorialNote>
                                </p>
                                <article>
                                    <num>ARTICLE 16 OF THE MLI – MUTUAL AGREEMENT PROCEDURE</num>
                                    <content>
                                        <p>
                                            Where a person considers that the actions of one or both of the [
                                            <i>Contracting States</i>
                                            ] result or will result for that person in taxation not in accordance with the provisions of [
                                            <i>this Agreement</i>
                                            ], that person may, irrespective of the remedies provided by the domestic law of those [C
                                            <i>ontracting States</i>
                                            ], present the case to the competent authority of either [
                                            <i>Contracting State</i>
                                            ].
                                        </p>
                                    </content>
                                </article>
                            </embeddedStructure>
                        </p>
                        <p>2. The competent authority shall endeavour, if the objection appears to it to be justified and if it is not itself able to arrive at a satisfactory solution, to resolve the case by mutual agreement with the competent authority of the other Contracting State, with a view to the avoidance of taxation which is not in accordance with the Agreement. It shall be implemented notwithstanding any time limits in the domestic law of the Contracting States.</p>
                        <p>3. The competent authorities of the Contracting States shall endeavour to resolve by mutual agreement any difficulties or doubts arising as to the interpretation or application of the Agreement. They may also consult together for the elimination of double taxation in cases not provided for in the Agreement.</p>
                        <p>4. The competent authorities of the Contracting States may communicate with each other directly for the purpose of reaching an agreement in the sense of the preceding paragraphs.</p>
                    </content>
                </article>
                <hcontainer eId="note_15" finlex:outline="huomautus" name="noteEditorial">
                    <content>
                        <p>
                            See also 
                            <a href="/akn/fi/doc/tax-treaty-consolidated/1997/84#protocol">Protocol</a>
                             to this Agreement.
                        </p>
                    </content>
                </hcontainer>
                <level>
                    <content>
                        <p>
                            <embeddedStructure class="mli-addition">
                                <p>
                                    <authorialNote>
                                        <p>
                                            The following Part VI of the MLI applies to this Agreement:
                                            <authorialNote marker="4" placement="bottom">
                                                <p>In accordance with paragraph 1 of Article 36 of the MLI, the provisions of Part VI (Arbitration) of the MLI has effect with respect to this Agreement:  </p>
                                                <p>a) with respect to cases presented to the competent authority of a Contracting State on or after 1 July 2019; and </p>
                                                <p>b) with respect to cases presented to the competent authority of a Contracting State prior to 1 July 2019, on the date when both Contracting States have notified the Secretary-General of the OECD that they have reached mutual agreement pursuant to paragraph 10 of Article 19 of the MLI (Mandatory Binding Arbitration), along with information regarding the date or dates on which such cases shall be considered to have been presented to the competent authority of a Contracting State (as described in subparagraph a) of paragraph 1 of Article 19 of the MLI (Mandatory Binding Arbitration)) according to the terms of that mutual agreement.</p>
                                                <p>However, the scope of cases eligible for arbitration under the provisions of Part VI of the MLI is limited due to reservations formulated in accordance with subparagraph a) of paragraph 2 of Article 28 of the MLI by the Contracting States. See these reservations at the end of this box.</p>
                                            </authorialNote>
                                        </p>
                                    </authorialNote>
                                </p>
                                <chapter>
                                    <num>PART VI. ARBITRATION</num>
                                    <article>
                                        <num>Article 19 (Mandatory Binding Arbitration) of the MLI</num>
                                        <content>
                                            <p>1. Where:</p>
                                            <p>
                                                a) under [
                                                <i>paragraph 1 of Article 26 of this Agreement</i>
                                                ], a person has presented a case to the competent authority of a [
                                                <i>Contracting State</i>
                                                ] on the basis that the actions of one or both of the [
                                                <i>Contracting States</i>
                                                ] have resulted for that person in taxation not in accordance with the provisions of [
                                                <i>the Agreement</i>
                                                ]; and
                                            </p>
                                            <p>
                                                b) the competent authorities are unable to reach an agreement to resolve that case pursuant to [
                                                <i>paragraph 2 of Article 26 of the Agreement</i>
                                                ], within a period of two years beginning on the start date referred to in paragraph 8 or 9 [
                                                <i>of Article 19 of the MLI</i>
                                                ], as the case may be (unless, prior to the expiration of that period the competent authorities of the [
                                                <i>Contracting States</i>
                                                ] have agreed to a different time period with respect to that case and have notified the person who presented the case of such agreement),
                                            </p>
                                            <p>
                                                any unresolved issues arising from the case shall, if the person so requests in writing, be submitted to arbitration in the manner described in [
                                                <i>Part VI of the MLI</i>
                                                ], according to any rules or procedures agreed upon by the competent authorities of the [
                                                <i>Contracting States</i>
                                                ] pursuant to the provisions of paragraph 10 [
                                                <i>of Article 19 of the MLI</i>
                                                ].
                                            </p>
                                            <p>
                                                2. Where a competent authority has suspended the mutual agreement procedure referred to in paragraph 1 [
                                                <i>of Article 19 of the MLI</i>
                                                ] because a case with respect to one or more of the same issues is pending before court or administrative tribunal, the period provided in subparagraph b) of paragraph 1 [
                                                <i>of Article 19 of the MLI</i>
                                                ] will stop running until either a final decision has been rendered by the court or administrative tribunal or the case has been suspended or withdrawn. In addition, where a person who presented a case and a competent authority have agreed to suspend the mutual agreement procedure, the period provided in subparagraph b) of paragraph 1 [
                                                <i>of Article 19 of the MLI</i>
                                                ] will stop running until the suspension has been lifted.
                                            </p>
                                            <p>
                                                3. Where both competent authorities agree that a person directly affected by the case has failed to provide in a timely manner any additional material information requested by either competent authority after the start of the period provided in subparagraph b) of paragraph 1 [
                                                <i>of Article 19 of the MLI</i>
                                                ], the period provided in subparagraph b) of paragraph 1 [
                                                <i>of Article 19 of the MLI</i>
                                                ] shall be extended for an amount of time equal to the period beginning on the date by which the information was requested and ending on the date on which that information was provided.
                                            </p>
                                            <p>
                                                4. a) The arbitration decision with respect to the issues submitted to arbitration shall be implemented through the mutual agreement concerning the case referred to in paragraph 1 [
                                                <i>of Article 19 of the MLI</i>
                                                ]. The arbitration decision shall be final.
                                            </p>
                                            <p>
                                                b) The arbitration decision shall be binding on both [
                                                <i>Contracting States</i>
                                                ] except in the following cases:
                                            </p>
                                            <p>i) if a person directly affected by the case does not accept the mutual agreement that implements the arbitration decision. In such a case, the case shall not be eligible for any further consideration by the competent authorities. The mutual agreement that implements the arbitration decision on the case shall be considered not to be accepted by a person directly affected by the case if any person directly affected by the case does not, within 60 days after the date on which notification of the mutual agreement is sent to the person, withdraw all issues resolved in the mutual agreement implementing the arbitration decision from consideration by any court or administrative tribunal or otherwise terminate any pending court or administrative proceedings with respect to such issues in a manner consistent with that mutual agreement.</p>
                                            <p>
                                                ii) if a final decision of the courts of one of the [
                                                <i>Contracting States</i>
                                                ] holds that the arbitration decision is invalid. In such a case, the request for arbitration under paragraph 1 [
                                                <i>of Article 19 of the MLI</i>
                                                ] shall be considered not to have been made, and the arbitration process shall be considered not to have taken place (except for the purposes of Articles 21 (Confidentiality of Arbitration Proceedings) and 25 (Costs of Arbitration Proceedings) [
                                                <i>of the MLI</i>
                                                ]). In such a case, a new request for arbitration may be made unless the competent authorities agree that such a new request should not be permitted.
                                            </p>
                                            <p>iii) if a person directly affected by the case pursues litigation on the issues which were resolved in the mutual agreement implementing the arbitration decision in any court or administrative tribunal.</p>
                                            <p>
                                                5. The competent authority that received the initial request for a mutual agreement procedure as described in subparagraph a) of paragraph 1 [
                                                <i>of Article 19 of the MLI</i>
                                                ] shall, within two calendar months of receiving the request:
                                            </p>
                                            <p>a) send a notification to the person who presented the case that it has received the request; and</p>
                                            <p>
                                                b) send a notification of that request, along with a copy of the request, to the competent authority of the other [
                                                <i>Contracting State</i>
                                                ].
                                            </p>
                                            <p>
                                                6. Within three calendar months after a competent authority receives the request for a mutual agreement procedure (or a copy thereof from the competent authority of the other [
                                                <i>Contracting State</i>
                                                ]) it shall either:
                                            </p>
                                            <p>a) notify the person who has presented the case and the other competent authority that it has received the information necessary to undertake substantive consideration of the case; or</p>
                                            <p>b) request additional information from that person for that purpose.</p>
                                            <p>
                                                7. Where pursuant to subparagraph b) of paragraph 6 [
                                                <i>of Article 19 of the MLI</i>
                                                ], one or both of the competent authorities have requested from the person who presented the case additional information necessary to undertake substantive consideration of the case, the competent authority that requested the additional information shall, within three calendar months of receiving the additional information from that person, notify that person and the other competent authority either:
                                            </p>
                                            <p>a) that it has received the requested information; or</p>
                                            <p>b) that some of the requested information is still missing.</p>
                                            <p>
                                                8. Where neither competent authority has requested additional information pursuant to subparagraph b) of paragraph 6 [
                                                <i>of Article 19 of the MLI</i>
                                                ], the start date referred to in paragraph 1 [
                                                <i>of Article 19 of the MLI</i>
                                                ] shall be the earlier of:
                                            </p>
                                            <p>
                                                a) the date on which both competent authorities have notified the person who presented the case pursuant to subparagraph a) of paragraph 6 [
                                                <i>of Article 19 of the MLI</i>
                                                ]; and
                                            </p>
                                            <p>
                                                b) the date that is three calendar months after the notification to the competent authority of the other [
                                                <i>Contracting State</i>
                                                ] pursuant to subparagraph b) of paragraph 5 [
                                                <i>of Article 19 of the MLI</i>
                                                ].
                                            </p>
                                            <p>
                                                9. Where additional information has been requested pursuant to subparagraph b) of paragraph 6 [
                                                <i>of Article 19 of the MLI</i>
                                                ], the start date referred to in paragraph 1 [
                                                <i>of Article 19 of the MLI</i>
                                                ] shall be the earlier of:
                                            </p>
                                            <p>
                                                a) the latest date on which the competent authorities that requested additional information have notified the person who presented the case and the other competent authority pursuant to subparagraph a) of paragraph 7 [
                                                <i>of Article 19 of the MLI</i>
                                                ]; and
                                            </p>
                                            <p>b) the date that is three calendar months after both competent authorities have received all information requested by either competent authority from the person who presented the case.</p>
                                            <p>
                                                If, however, one or both of the competent authorities send the notification referred to in subparagraph b) of paragraph 7 [
                                                <i>of Article 19 of the MLI</i>
                                                ], such notification shall be treated as a request for additional information under subparagraph b) of paragraph 6 [
                                                <i>of Article 19 of the MLI</i>
                                                ].
                                            </p>
                                            <p>
                                                10. The competent authorities of the [
                                                <i>Contracting States</i>
                                                ] shall by mutual agreement pursuant to [
                                                <i>Article 26 of the Agreement</i>
                                                ] settle the mode of application of the provisions contained in [
                                                <i>Part VI of the MLI</i>
                                                ], including the minimum information necessary for each competent authority to undertake substantive consideration of the case. Such an agreement shall be concluded before the date on which unresolved issues in a case are first eligible to be submitted to arbitration and may be modified from time to time thereafter.
                                            </p>
                                        </content>
                                    </article>
                                    <article>
                                        <num>Article 20 (Appointment of Arbitrators) of the MLI</num>
                                        <content>
                                            <p>
                                                1. Except to the extent that the competent authorities of the [
                                                <i>Contracting States</i>
                                                ] mutually agree on different rules, paragraphs 2 through 4 [
                                                <i>of Article 20 of the MLI</i>
                                                ] shall apply for the purposes of [
                                                <i>Part VI of the MLI</i>
                                                ].
                                            </p>
                                            <p>2. The following rules shall govern the appointment of the members of an arbitration panel:</p>
                                            <p>a) The arbitration panel shall consist of three individual members with expertise or experience in international tax matters.</p>
                                            <p>
                                                b) Each competent authority shall appoint one panel member within 60 days of the date of the request for arbitration under paragraph 1 of Article 19 [
                                                <i>of the MLI</i>
                                                ]. The two panel members so appointed shall, within 60 days of the latter of their appointments, appoint a third member who shall serve as Chair of the arbitration panel. The Chair shall not be a national or resident of either [
                                                <i>Contracting State</i>
                                                ].
                                            </p>
                                            <p>
                                                c) Each member appointed to the arbitration panel must be impartial and independent of the competent authorities, tax administrations, and ministries of finance of the [
                                                <i>Contracting States</i>
                                                ] and of all persons directly affected by the case (as well as their advisors) at the time of accepting an appointment, maintain his or her impartiality and independence throughout the proceedings, and avoid any conduct for a reasonable period of time thereafter which may damage the appearance of impartiality and independence of the arbitrators with respect to the proceedings.
                                            </p>
                                            <p>
                                                3. In the event that the competent authority of a [
                                                <i>Contracting State</i>
                                                ] fails to appoint a member of the arbitration panel in the manner and within the time periods specified in paragraph 2 [
                                                <i>of Article 20 of the MLI</i>
                                                ] or agreed to by the competent authorities of the [
                                                <i>Contracting States</i>
                                                ], a member shall be appointed on behalf of that competent authority by the highest ranking official of the Centre for Tax Policy and Administration of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development that is not a national of either [
                                                <i>Contracting State</i>
                                                ].
                                            </p>
                                            <p>
                                                4. If the two initial members of the arbitration panel fail to appoint the Chair in the manner and within the time periods specified in paragraph 2 [
                                                <i>of Article 20 of the MLI</i>
                                                ] or agreed to by the competent authorities of the [
                                                <i>Contracting States</i>
                                                ], the Chair shall be appointed by the highest ranking official of the Centre for Tax Policy and Administration of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development that is not a national of either [
                                                <i>Contracting State</i>
                                                ].
                                            </p>
                                        </content>
                                    </article>
                                    <article>
                                        <num>Article 21 (Confidentiality of Arbitration Proceedings) of the MLI</num>
                                        <content>
                                            <p>
                                                1. Solely for the purposes of the application of the provisions of [
                                                <i>Part VI of the MLI</i>
                                                ] and of the provisions of [
                                                <i>the Agreement</i>
                                                ] and of the domestic laws of the [
                                                <i>Contracting States</i>
                                                ] related to the exchange of information, confidentiality, and administrative assistance, members of the arbitration panel and a maximum of three staff per member (and prospective arbitrators solely to the extent necessary to verify their ability to fulfil the requirements of arbitrators) shall be considered to be persons or authorities to whom information may be disclosed. Information received by the arbitration panel or prospective arbitrators and information that the competent authorities receive from the arbitration panel shall be considered information that is exchanged under the provisions of [
                                                <i>the Agreement</i>
                                                ] related to the exchange of information and administrative assistance.
                                            </p>
                                            <p>
                                                2. The competent authorities of the [
                                                <i>Contracting States</i>
                                                ] shall ensure that members of the arbitration panel and their staff agree in writing, prior to their acting in an arbitration proceeding, to treat any information relating to the arbitration proceeding consistently with the confidentiality and nondisclosure obligations described in the provisions of [
                                                <i>the Agreement</i>
                                                ] related to exchange of information and administrative assistance and under the applicable laws of the [
                                                <i>Contracting States</i>
                                                ].
                                            </p>
                                        </content>
                                    </article>
                                    <article>
                                        <num>Article 22 (Resolution of a Case Prior to the Conclusion of the Arbitration) of the MLI</num>
                                        <content>
                                            <p>
                                                For the purposes of [
                                                <i>Part VI of the MLI</i>
                                                ] and the provisions of [
                                                <i>the Agreement</i>
                                                ] that provide for resolution of cases through mutual agreement, the mutual agreement procedure, as well as the arbitration proceeding, with respect to a case shall terminate if, at any time after a request for arbitration has been made and before the arbitration panel has delivered its decision to the competent authorities of the [
                                                <i>Contracting States</i>
                                                ]:
                                            </p>
                                            <p>
                                                a) the competent authorities of the [
                                                <i>Contracting States</i>
                                                ] reach a mutual agreement to resolve the case; or
                                            </p>
                                            <p>b) the person who presented the case withdraws the request for arbitration or the request for a mutual agreement procedure.</p>
                                        </content>
                                    </article>
                                    <article>
                                        <num>Article 23 (Type of Arbitration Process) of the MLI</num>
                                        <content>
                                            <p>
                                                1. Except to the extent that the competent authorities of the [
                                                <i>Contracting States</i>
                                                ] mutually agree on different rules, the following rules shall apply with respect to an arbitration proceeding pursuant to [
                                                <i>Part VI of the MLI</i>
                                                ]:
                                            </p>
                                            <p>
                                                a) After a case is submitted to arbitration, the competent authority of each [
                                                <i>Contracting State</i>
                                                ] shall submit to the arbitration panel, by a date set by agreement, a proposed resolution which addresses all unresolved issue(s) in the case (taking into account all agreements previously reached in that case between the competent authorities of the [
                                                <i>Contracting States</i>
                                                ]). The proposed resolution shall be limited to a disposition of specific monetary amounts (for example, of income or expense) or, where specified, the maximum rate of tax charged pursuant to [
                                                <i>the Agreement</i>
                                                ], for each adjustment or similar issue in the case. In a case in which the competent authorities of the [
                                                <i>Contracting States</i>
                                                ] have been unable to reach agreement on an issue regarding the conditions for application of a provision of [
                                                <i>the Agreement</i>
                                                ] (hereinafter referred to as a “threshold question”), such as whether an individual is a resident or whether a permanent establishment exists, the competent authorities may submit alternative proposed resolutions with respect to issues the determination of which is contingent on resolution of such threshold questions.
                                            </p>
                                            <p>
                                                b) The competent authority of each [
                                                <i>Contracting State</i>
                                                ] may also submit a supporting position paper for consideration by the arbitration panel. Each competent authority that submits a proposed resolution or supporting position paper shall provide a copy to the other competent authority by the date on which the proposed resolution and supporting position paper were due. Each competent authority may also submit to the arbitration panel, by a date set by agreement, a reply submission with respect to the proposed resolution and supporting position paper submitted by the other competent authority. A copy of any reply submission shall be provided to the other competent authority by the date on which the reply submission was due.
                                            </p>
                                            <p>
                                                c) The arbitration panel shall select as its decision one of the proposed resolutions for the case submitted by the competent authorities with respect to each issue and any threshold questions, and shall not include a rationale or any other explanation of the decision. The arbitration decision will be adopted by a simple majority of the panel members. The arbitration panel shall deliver its decision in writing to the competent authorities of the [
                                                <i>Contracting States</i>
                                                ]. The arbitration decision shall have no precedential value.
                                            </p>
                                            <p>
                                                5. Prior to the beginning of arbitration proceedings, the competent authorities of the [
                                                <i>Contracting States</i>
                                                ] shall ensure that each person that presented the case and their advisors agree in writing not to disclose to any other person any information received during the course of the arbitration proceedings from either competent authority or the arbitration panel. The mutual agreement procedure under [
                                                <i>the Agreement</i>
                                                ], as well as the arbitration proceeding under [
                                                <i>Part VI of the MLI</i>
                                                ], with respect to the case shall terminate if, at any time after a request for arbitration has been made and before the arbitration panel has delivered its decision to the competent authorities of the [
                                                <i>Contracting States</i>
                                                ], a person that presented the case or one of that person’s advisors materially breaches that agreement.
                                            </p>
                                        </content>
                                    </article>
                                    <article>
                                        <num>Article 25 (Costs of Arbitration Proceedings) of the MLI</num>
                                        <content>
                                            <p>
                                                In an arbitration proceeding under [
                                                <i>Part VI of the MLI</i>
                                                ], the fees and expenses of the members of the arbitration panel, as well as any costs incurred in connection with the arbitration proceedings by the [
                                                <i>Contracting States</i>
                                                ], shall be borne by the [
                                                <i>Contracting States</i>
                                                ] in a manner to be settled by mutual agreement between the competent authorities of the [
                                                <i>Contracting States</i>
                                                ]. In the absence of such agreement, each [
                                                <i>Contracting State</i>
                                                ] shall bear its own expenses and those of its appointed panel member. The cost of the chair of the arbitration panel and other expenses associated with the conduct of the arbitration proceedings shall be borne by the [
                                                <i>Contracting States</i>
                                                ] in equal shares.
                                            </p>
                                        </content>
                                    </article>
                                    <article>
                                        <num>Article 26 (Compatibility) of the MLI</num>
                                        <content>
                                            <p>
                                                2. Any unresolved issue arising from a mutual agreement procedure case otherwise within the scope of the arbitration process provided for in [
                                                <i>Part VI of the MLI</i>
                                                ] shall not be submitted to arbitration if the issue falls within the scope of a case with respect to which an arbitration panel or similar body has previously been set up in accordance with a bilateral or multilateral convention that provides for mandatory binding arbitration of unresolved issues arising from a mutual agreement procedure case.
                                            </p>
                                            <p>
                                                3. [
                                                <i>Nothing</i>
                                                ] in [
                                                <i>Part VI of the MLI</i>
                                                ] shall affect the fulfilment of wider obligations with respect to the arbitration of unresolved issues arising in the context of a mutual agreement procedure resulting from other conventions to which the [
                                                <i>Contracting States</i>
                                                ] are or will become parties.
                                            </p>
                                        </content>
                                    </article>
                                    <article>
                                        <num>Subparagraph a) of paragraph 2 of Article 28 (Cases eligible to arbitration) of the MLI</num>
                                        <content>
                                            <p>
                                                <i>Pursuant to subparagraph a) of paragraph 2 of Article 28 of the MLI, the Republic of Finland formulates the following reservations with respect to the scope of cases that shall be eligible for arbitration under the provisions of Part VI of the MLI:</i>
                                            </p>
                                            <p>
                                                1. Finland reserves the right to exclude from the scope of [
                                                <i>Part VI of the MLI</i>
                                                ] cases involving the application of domestic anti-avoidance rules of either [
                                                <i>Contracting State</i>
                                                ]. For this purpose, Finland's domestic anti-avoidance rules shall include Act on Assessment Procedure (verotusmenettelystä annettu laki (1558/1995)) sections 27–30, Act on the Taxation of Business Profits and Income from Professional Activities (elinkeinotulon verottamisesta annettu laki (360/1968)) section 6 a, subsection 9 and section 52 h and Act on the Taxation of Shareholders in Controlled Foreign Companies (ulkomaisten väliyhteisöjen osakkaiden verotuksesta annetun laki (1217/1994)). Any subsequent provisions replacing, amending or updating these anti-avoidance rules would also be included in this reservation. Finland shall notify the Depositary of any such subsequent provisions.
                                            </p>
                                            <p>
                                                2. Finland reserves the right to exclude from the scope of [
                                                <i>Part VI of the MLI</i>
                                                ] cases involving conduct for which the taxpayer or a person acting on the taxpayer’s behalf has been found guilty by a court of tax fraud or other tax related criminal offence in either[
                                                <i>Contracting State</i>
                                                ]. For this purpose, Finland's domestic rules shall include the Criminal Code (rikoslaki (39/1889)) chapter 29 sections 1–4. Any subsequent provisions replacing, amending or updating these rules would also be included in this reservation. Finland shall notify the Depositary of any such subsequent provisions.
                                            </p>
                                            <p>
                                                3. Finland reserves the right to exclude from the scope of [
                                                <i>Part VI of the MLI</i>
                                                ] cases concerning items of income or capital where there is no double taxation. Double taxation means that both [
                                                <i>Contracting States</i>
                                                ] have imposed taxes in respect of the same taxable income or capital giving rise to either additional tax charge, increase in tax liabilities or cancellation or reduction of losses, which could be used to offset taxable profits.
                                            </p>
                                            <p>
                                                4. Finland reserves the right to exclude from the scope of [
                                                <i>Part VI of the MLI</i>
                                                ]:
                                            </p>
                                            <p>a) with respect to taxes withheld at source on amounts paid or credited to non-residents, cases which concern taxable events giving rise to such taxes that occur before the reference date;</p>
                                            <p>b) with respect to all other taxes, cases which concern taxes levied with respect to taxable periods that begin before the reference date.</p>
                                            <p>For the purposes of this reservation, “the reference date” is the latest of:</p>
                                            <p>
                                                i) the date of entry into effect of [
                                                <i>the MLI</i>
                                                ] in both [
                                                <i>Contracting States</i>
                                                ] with respect to such taxes;
                                            </p>
                                            <p>
                                                ii) the first day of January of the calendar year next following the expiration of a period of six calendar months beginning on the date of the communication by the Depositary of the latest definitive reservation withdrawal or notification which results in the application of [
                                                <i>Part VI of the MLI</i>
                                                ] between both [
                                                <i>Contracting States</i>
                                                ]; and
                                            </p>
                                            <p>
                                                iii) where the case is a type of case that would be potentially eligible for arbitration as a result of the withdrawal, subsequent to the entry into effect of [
                                                <i>Part VI of the MLI</i>
                                                ] as between both [
                                                <i>Contracting States</i>
                                                ], of [
                                                <i>Contracting State´s</i>
                                                ] reservation made pursuant to Article 28(2) or Article 19(12) [
                                                <i>of the MLI</i>
                                                ], the first day of January of the calendar year next following the expiration of a period of six calendar months beginning on the date of the communication of the Depositary of the withdrawal of the reservation.
                                            </p>
                                            <p>
                                                5. Finland reserves the right to exclude from the scope of [
                                                <i>Part VI of the MLI</i>
                                                ] all cases where an application has been filed under the Convention on the Elimination of Double Taxation in Connection with the Adjustment of Profits of Associated Enterprises (90/436/EEC) – as amended, or under other instruments agreed by the member states of the European Union or under domestic rules which implement such instruments.
                                            </p>
                                        </content>
                                    </article>
                                </chapter>
                            </embeddedStructure>
                        </p>
                    </content>
                </level>
                <article eId="chp_6__art_27">
                    <num>Article 27</num>
                    <heading>Exchange of Information</heading>
                    <content>
                        <p>The competent authorities of the Contracting States shall exchange such information as is necessary for carrying out the provisions of this Agreement or of the domestic laws of the Contracting States concerning taxes covered by the Agreement insofar as the taxation thereunder is not contrary to the Agreement. The exchange of information is not restricted by Article 1. Any information received by a Contracting State shall be treated as secret in the same manner as information obtained under the domestic laws of that State and shall be disclosed only to persons or authorities (including courts and administrative bodies) involved in the assessment or collection of, the enforcement or prosecution in respect of, or the determination of appeals in relation to, the taxes covered by the Agreement. Such persons or authorities shall use the information only for such purposes. They may disclose the information in public court proceedings or in judicial decisions.</p>
                    </content>
                </article>
                <article eId="chp_6__art_28">
                    <num>Article 28</num>
                    <heading>Assistance in Recovery</heading>
                    <content>
                        <p>1. The Contracting States agree to lend each other assistance and support with a view to collection, in accordance with their respective laws and administrative practice, of the taxes to which this Agreement shall apply and of any increases, surcharges, overdue payments, interests and costs pertaining to the said taxes.</p>
                        <p>2. At the request of the applicant State the requested State shall recover tax claims of the first-mentioned State in accordance with the law and administrative practice for the recovery of its own tax claims. However, such claims do not enjoy any priority in the requested State and cannot be recovered by imprisonment for debt of the debtor. The requested State is not obliged to take any executory measures which are not provided for in the laws of the applicant State.</p>
                        <p>3. The provisions of paragraph 2 shall apply only to tax claims which form the subject of an instrument permitting their enforcement in the applicant State and, unless otherwise agreed between the competent authorities of the Contracting States, which are not contested. However, where the claim relates to a liability to tax of a person as a non-resident of the applicant State, paragraph 2 shall only apply, unless otherwise agreed between the competent authorities of the Contracting States, where the claim may no longer be contested.</p>
                        <p>4. The obligation to provide assistance in the recovery of tax claims concerning a deceased person or his estate is limited to the value of the estate or the property acquired by each beneficiary of the estate, according to whether the claim is to be recovered from the estate or from the beneficiaries thereof.</p>
                        <p>5. The requested State shall not be obliged to accede to the request:</p>
                        <p>a) if the applicant State has not pursued all means available in its own territory, except where recourse to such means would give rise to disproportionate difficulty;</p>
                        <p>b) if and insofar as it considers the tax claim to be contrary to the provisions of this Agreement or of any other treaty to which both Contracting States are parties.</p>
                        <p>6. The request for administrative assistance in the recovery of a tax claim shall be accompanied by: </p>
                        <p>a) a declaration that the tax claim concerns a tax to which the Agreement applies and, subject to paragraph 3, is not or may not be contested;</p>
                        <p>b) an official copy of the instrument permitting enforcement in the applicant State;</p>
                        <p>c) any other document required for recovery;</p>
                        <p>d) where appropriate, a certified copy confirming any related decision emanating from an administrative body or a public court.</p>
                        <p>7. The applicant State shall indicate the amount of the tax claim to be recovered in both the currency of the applicant State and the currency of the requested State. The rate of exchange to be used for the purpose of the preceding sentence is the latest rate recommended by the Central Bank of the applicant State. Any amount recovered by the requested State shall be transferred to the applicant State in the currency of the requested State. The transfer shall be effected within a period of three months from the date of the recovery.</p>
                        <p>8. At the request of the applicant State, the requested State shall, with a view to the recovery of an amount of tax, take measures of conservancy even if the claim is contested or is not yet the subject of an instrument permitting enforcement, insofar as that is permitted by the laws and administrative practice of the requested State.</p>
                        <p>9. The instrument permitting enforcement in the applicant State shall, where appropriate and in accordance with the provisions in force in the requested State, be accepted, recognised, supplemented or replaced as soon as possible after the date of the receipt of the request for assistance by an instrument permitting enforcement in the requested State.</p>
                        <p>10. Questions concerning any period beyond which a tax claim cannot be enforced shall be governed by the law of the applicant State. The request for assistance in the recovery shall give particulars concerning that period.</p>
                        <p>11. Acts of recovery carried out by the requested State in pursuance of a request for assistance, which, according to the laws of that State, would have the effect of suspending or interrupting the period mentioned in paragraph 10, shall also have this effect under the laws of the applicant State. The requested State shall inform the applicant State about such acts.</p>
                        <p>12. The requested State may allow deferral of payment or payment by instalments, if its laws or administrative practice permit it to do so in similar circumstances; but it shall first inform the applicant State.</p>
                        <p>13. The competent authorities of the Contracting States shall by mutual agreement determine rules concerning minimum amounts of tax claims subject to a request for assistance and other provisions concerning the mode of application of this Article.</p>
                        <p>14. The Contracting States shall reciprocally waive any restitution of costs resulting from the respective assistance and support which they lend each other in applying this Agreement.</p>
                    </content>
                </article>
                <article eId="chp_6__art_29">
                    <num>Article 29</num>
                    <heading>Limitation of Articles 27 and 28</heading>
                    <content>
                        <p>In no case shall the provisions of Articles 27 and 28 be construed so as to impose on one of the States the obligation:</p>
                        <p>a) to carry out administrative measures at variance with the laws and administrative practice of that or of the other State;</p>
                        <p>b) to supply information which is not obtainable under the laws or in the normal course of the administration of that or of the other State;</p>
                        <p>c) to supply information which would disclose any trade, business, industrial, commercial, or professional secret or trade process, or information, the disclosure of which would be contrary to public policy (ordre public).</p>
                    </content>
                </article>
                <article eId="chp_6__art_30">
                    <num>Article 30</num>
                    <heading>Members of Diplomatic Missions and Consular Posts</heading>
                    <content>
                        <p>1. Nothing in this Agreement shall affect the fiscal privileges of members of diplomatic missions or consular posts under the general rules of international law or under the provisions of special agreements.</p>
                        <p>2. For the purposes of the Agreement an individual, who is a member of a diplomatic mission or consular post of a Contracting State in the other Contracting State or in a third State and who is a national of the sending State, shall be deemed to be a resident of the sending State if he is submitted therein to the same obligation in respect of taxes on income and on capital as are residents of that State.</p>
                        <p>3. The Agreement shall not apply to international organisations, organs and officials thereof and members of a diplomatic mission or consular post of a third State, being present in a Contracting State, if they are not subjected therein to the same obligations in respect of taxes on income or on capital as are residents of that State.</p>
                    </content>
                </article>
                <level>
                    <content>
                        <p>
                            <embeddedStructure class="mli-replacement">
                                <p>
                                    <authorialNote>
                                        <p>
                                            The following paragraph 1 of Article 7 of the MLI applies and supersedes the provisions of this Agreement:
                                            <authorialNote marker="5" placement="bottom">
                                                <p>In accordance with paragraphs 1 and 3 of Article 35 of the MLI, paragraph 1 of Article 7 of the MLI has effect with respect to the application of this Agreement by the Republic of Finland:</p>
                                                <p>a) with respect to taxes withheld at source on amounts paid or credited to nonresidents, where the event giving rise to such taxes occurs on or after 1 January 2020; and</p>
                                                <p>b) with respect to all other taxes levied by the Republic of Finland, for taxes levied with respect to taxable periods beginning on or after 1 January 2020;</p>
                                                <p>and,</p>
                                                <p>In accordance with paragraph 1 of Article 35 of the MLI, paragraph 1 of Article 7 of the MLI has effect with respect to the application of the Agreement by the Kingdom of the Netherlands:</p>
                                                <p>a) with respect to taxes withheld at source on amounts paid or credited to nonresidents, where the event giving rise to such taxes occurs on or after 1 January 2020; and</p>
                                                <p>b) with respect to all other taxes levied by the Kingdom of the Netherlands, for taxes levied with respect to taxable periods beginning on or after 1 January 2020.</p>
                                            </authorialNote>
                                        </p>
                                    </authorialNote>
                                </p>
                                <article>
                                    <num>ARTICLE 7 OF THE MLI – PREVENTION OF TREATY ABUSE (Principal purposes test provision)</num>
                                    <content>
                                        <p>
                                            Notwithstanding any provisions of [
                                            <i>the Agreement</i>
                                            ], a benefit under [
                                            <i>the Agreement</i>
                                            ] shall not be granted in respect of an item of income or capital if it is reasonable to conclude, having regard to all relevant facts and circumstances, that obtaining that benefit was one of the principal purposes of any arrangement or transaction that resulted directly or indirectly in that benefit, unless it is established that granting that benefit in these circumstances would be in accordance with the object and purpose of the relevant provisions of [
                                            <i>the Agreement</i>
                                            ].
                                        </p>
                                    </content>
                                </article>
                            </embeddedStructure>
                        </p>
                    </content>
                </level>
                <article eId="chp_6__art_31">
                    <num>Article 31</num>
                    <heading>Territorial Extension</heading>
                    <content>
                        <p>1. This Agreement may be extended, either in its entirety or with any necessary modifications, to either or both of the countries of the Netherlands Antilles or Aruba, if the country concerned imposes taxes substantially similar in character to those to which the Agreement applies. Any such extension shall take effect from such date and subject to such modifications and conditions, including conditions as to termination, as may be specified and agreed in notes to be exchanged through diplomatic channels.</p>
                        <p>2. Unless otherwise agreed, the termination of the Agreement shall not also terminate any extension of the Agreement to any country to which it has been extended under this Article.</p>
                    </content>
                </article>
            </chapter>
            <chapter eId="chp_7">
                <num>Chapter VII</num>
                <heading>Final Provisions</heading>
                <article eId="chp_7__art_32">
                    <num>Article 32</num>
                    <heading>Entry Into Force</heading>
                    <content>
                        <p>1. The Governments of the Contracting States shall notify each other that the constitutional requirements for the entry into force of this Agreement have been complied with.</p>
                        <p>2. The Agreement shall enter into force fifteen days after the date of the later of the notifications referred to in paragraph 1 and its provisions shall have effect:</p>
                        <p>a) in respect of taxes withheld at source, on income derived on or after the first day of January in the calendar year next following that in which the Agreement enters into force;</p>
                        <p>b) in respect of taxes, other than those referred to in sub-paragraph a), for taxable periods beginning on or after the first day of January in the calendar year next following that in which the Agreement enters into force.</p>
                        <p>3. The Agreement between the Republic of Finland and the Kingdom of the Netherlands for the avoidance of double taxation and the prevention of fiscal evasion with respect to taxes on income and on capital, signed at Helsinki on 13 March 1970, (hereinafter referred to as "the 1970 Agreement") shall cease to have effect with respect to taxes to which this Agreement applies in accordance with the provisions of paragraph 2. The 1970 Agreement shall terminate on the last date on which it has effect in accordance with the foregoing provision of this paragraph.</p>
                    </content>
                </article>
                <article eId="chp_7__art_33">
                    <num>Article 33</num>
                    <heading>Termination</heading>
                    <content>
                        <p>This Agreement shall remain in force until terminated by a Contracting State. Either Contracting State may terminate the Agreement, through diplomatic channels, by giving notice of termination at least six months before the end of any calendar year following after the period of five years from the date on which the Agreement enters into force. In such event, the Agreement shall cease to have effect:</p>
                        <p>a) in respect of taxes withheld at source, on income derived on or after the first day of January in the calendar year next following that in which the notice of termination is given;</p>
                        <p>b) in respect of taxes, other than those referred to in sub-paragraph a), for taxable periods beginning on or after the first day of January in the calendar year next following that in which the notice of termination is given.</p>
                        <p>In witness whereof the undersigned, duly authorised thereto, have signed this Agreement.</p>
                        <p>Done in duplicate at Helsinki this 28th day of December 1995, in the English language.</p>
                    </content>
                </article>
            </chapter>
            <hcontainer name="attachments">
                <hcontainer eId="protocol" name="attachment">
                    <heading>Protocol</heading>
                    <content>
                        <p>At the signing of the Agreement for the avoidance of double taxation and the prevention of fiscal evasion with respect to taxes on income and on capital, this day concluded between the Republic of Finland and the Kingdom of the Netherlands, the undersigned have agreed that the following provisions shall form an integral part of the Agreement.</p>
                        <tblock>
                            <num>I. Ad Article 2</num>
                            <p>It is understood that the term "taxes" does not include social insurance contributions.</p>
                        </tblock>
                        <tblock>
                            <num>II. Ad Articles 4 and 23</num>
                            <p>1. Where under the provisions of the Agreement a resident of the Netherlands is exempt or entitled to relief from Finnish tax, similar exemption or relief shall be applied to the undistributed estates of deceased persons insofar as one or more of the beneficiaries is a resident of the Netherlands.</p>
                            <p>2. Insofar as the income or the property of an undistributed estate of a deceased person under the provisions of the Agreement is subject to Finnish tax and accrues to a beneficiary who is a resident of the Netherlands, the Netherlands shall allow a deduction in conformity with sub-paragraph b) or c) of paragraph 2 of Article 23 of the Agreement.</p>
                        </tblock>
                        <tblock>
                            <num>III. Ad Articles 5, 6, 13 and 22</num>
                            <p>It is understood that exploration and exploitation rights of the sea bed and its sub-soil and their natural resources include rights to interests in, or to the benefits of, assets to be produced by such exploration or exploitation. Furthermore, it is understood that the aforementioned rights shall be regarded as immovable property situated in the Contracting State the sea bed and sub-soil of which they are related to, and that these rights shall be deemed to pertain to the property of a permanent establishment in that State.</p>
                        </tblock>
                        <tblock>
                            <num>IV. Ad Articles 6, 13 and 22</num>
                            <p>Income from shares or other corporate rights in, other than dividends paid by, a residential-housing company referred to in the Residential-Housing Companies Act of 17 May 1991 (No. 809 of 1991), or any other Finnish company similar in character, or gains derived from the alienation of, or capital represented by, such shares or rights may be taxed in the Contracting State in which the immovable property held by the company is situated.</p>
                        </tblock>
                        <tblock>
                            <num>V. Ad Article 7</num>
                            <p>In respect of paragraphs 1 and 2 of Article 7, where an enterprise of a Contracting State sells goods or merchandise or carries on business in the other Contracting State through a permanent establishment situated therein, the profits of that permanent establishment shall not be determined on the basis of the total amount received by the enterprise, but shall be determined only on the basis of the remuneration which is attributable to the actual activity of the permanent establishment for such sales or business. Especially, in the case of contracts for the survey, supply, installation or construction of industrial, commercial or scientific equipment or premises, or of public works, when the enterprise has a permanent establishment, the profits of such permanent establishment shall not be determined on the basis of the total amount of the contract, but shall be determined only on the basis of that part of the contract which is effectively carried out by the permanent establishment in the Contracting State where the permanent establishment is situated. The profits related to that part of the contract which is carried out by the head office of the enterprise shall be taxable only in the Contracting State of which the enterprise is a resident.</p>
                        </tblock>
                        <tblock>
                            <num>VI. Ad Article 10</num>
                            <p>Finnish tax law provides for the elimination of economic double taxation of profits derived by resident companies by entitling resident shareholders to a tax credit in respect of dividends paid by such companies equal to one-third of the dividends paid to the shareholders. Where, such dividends have not borne corporate income tax at an amount not less than one-third of the profits distributed, inter alia, as a result of foreign dividends derived by the distributing company and being exempt from that tax, the company is liable to a compensatory tax (täydennysvero; kompletteringsskatt) corresponding to the amount by which the above-mentioned amount exceeds the actually payable amount of corporate income tax. Notwithstanding this general rule, compensatory tax is not payable to the extent that the company for the tax year concerned re-distributes foreign dividends and the recipient of the dividends is a company resident in the Netherlands not directly or indirectly controlled by persons resident in Finland that has at the end of the same tax year directly owned not less than 25 per cent of the capital of the company paying the dividends.</p>
                        </tblock>
                        <tblock>
                            <num>VII. Ad Articles 10, 11 and 12</num>
                            <p>Where tax has been withheld at source in excess of the maximum amount of tax referred to in Articles 10, 11 or 12, applications for the refund of the excess amount of tax have to be lodged with the competent authority of the Contracting State in which the tax has been withheld, within a period of five years after the expiration of the calendar year in which the tax has been withheld.</p>
                        </tblock>
                        <tblock>
                            <num>VIII. Ad Article 16</num>
                            <p>1. In the case of a company which is a resident of Finland, the expression "any other similar organ of a company" includes the supervisory board ("hallintoneuvosto", "förvaltningsråd") within the meaning of Finnish company law.</p>
                            <p>2. In the case of a company which is a resident of the Netherlands, the expression "member of the board of directors or any other similar organ of a company" includes a "bestuurder" or "commissaris" within the meaning of Netherlands company law.</p>
                        </tblock>
                        <tblock>
                            <num>IX. Ad Article 18</num>
                            <p>Where a person, who is a resident of a Contracting State on the date on which the Agreement comes into effect, continues after that date to derive a pension or other similar remuneration in consideration of past employment, or an annuity, referred to in paragraph 1 of Article 18, or a pension paid under the social insurance legislation of the other Contracting State, referred to in paragraph 3 of that Article, the right to which existed before that date, such income shall be taxable only in the first-mentioned State.</p>
                        </tblock>
                        <tblock>
                            <num>X. Ad Article 20, paragraph 2</num>
                            <p>It is understood that the expression "remuneration constituting earnings necessary for his maintenance" means, </p>
                            <p>a) in the case of Finland, the amounts of exempted salary or wages derived by non-resident students or trainees and fixed from time to time by the National Board of Taxes ("verohallitus; skattestyrelsen") under the provisions of section 6, sub-section 2, of the Act on the Taxation of Nonresidents' Income and Capital of 11 August 1978 No. 627; (laki rajoitetusti verovelvollisen tulon ja varallisuuden verottamisesta; lag om beskattning av begränsat skattskyldig för inkomst och förmögenhet), as amended from time to time without affecting the general principle thereof, or any other provisions which may be enacted after the date of signature of the Agreement being of a substantially similar character;</p>
                            <p>b) in the case of the Netherlands, an amount equal to twice the basic personal allowance ("basisaftrek") referred to in the Income Tax Act 1964 (Wet op de inkomstenbelasting 1964), as amended from time to time without affecting the general principle thereof, or any other provisions which may be enacted after the date of signature of the Agreement being of a substantially similar character.</p>
                        </tblock>
                        <tblock>
                            <num>XI. Ad Article 23</num>
                            <p>It is understood that for the computation of the reduction mentioned in subparagraph b) of paragraph 2 of Article 23, the items of capital referred to in paragraph 1 of Article 22 shall be taken into account for the value thereof reduced by the value of the debts secured by mortgage on that capital, and the items of capital referred to in paragraph 2 of Article 22 shall be taken into account for the value thereof reduced by the value of the debts pertaining to the permanent establishment or fixed base.</p>
                        </tblock>
                        <tblock>
                            <num>XII. Ad Article 26</num>
                            <p>If, in an Agreement for the avoidance of double taxation that is subsequently concluded between Finland and a third State being a member of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, there are included provisions on arbitration, the Government of the Republic of Finland shall without undue delay inform the Government of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in writing through the diplomatic channel and shall enter into negotiations with the Government of the Kingdom of the Netherlands with a view to including such provisions in the Agreement signed today with the Netherlands.</p>
                            <p>In witness whereof the undersigned, duly authorised thereto, have signed this Protocol.</p>
                            <p>Done in duplicate at Helsinki this 28th day of December 1995, in the English language.</p>
                        </tblock>
                    </content>
                </hcontainer>
            </hcontainer>
        </mainBody>
    </doc>
</akomaNtoso>
