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        <preface>
            <p>
                <docNumber>87-88/1993</docNumber>
                <docTitle>Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Finland and the Government of Ireland for the avoidance of double taxation and the prevention of fiscal evasion with respect to taxes on income and capital gains</docTitle>
            </p>
        </preface>
        <preamble>
            <p>
                <embeddedStructure class="mli-addition">
                    <tblock>
                        <heading>SYNTHESISED TEXT OF THE MLI AND THE AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE GOVERNMENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF FINLAND AND THE GOVERNMENT OF IRELAND FOR THE AVOIDANCE OF DOUBLE TAXATION AND THE PREVENTION OF FISCAL EVASION WITH RESPECT TO TAXES ON INCOME AND CAPITAL GAINS</heading>
                        <p>This document presents the synthesised text for the application of the Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Finland and the Government of Ireland for the avoidance of double taxation and the prevention of fiscal evasion with respect to taxes on income and capital gains signed on 27 March 1992 (the “Agreement”), as modified by the Multilateral Convention to Implement Tax Treaty Related Measures to Prevent Base Erosion and Profit Shifting signed by the Republic of Finland and Ireland on 7 June 2017 (the “MLI”). </p>
                        <p>This document was prepared in consultation with the competent authority of Ireland and represents a shared understanding of the modifications made to the Agreement by the MLI.</p>
                        <p>The document was prepared on the basis of the MLI position of the Republic of Finland
      submitted to the Depositary upon acceptance on 25 February 2019 and of the MLI position of
      Ireland submitted to the Depositary upon ratification on 29 January 2019. These MLI positions
      are subject to modifications as provided in the MLI. Modifications made to MLI positions could
      modify the effects of the MLI on the Agreement. The document also contains the modifications
      resulting from the withdrawal of the reservation made by the Republic of Finland to Article 9
      of the MLI (consolidated MLI position of the Republic of Finland on 27 June 2023).</p>
                        <p>The authentic legal texts of the Agreement and the MLI take precedence and remain the legal texts applicable. </p>
                        <p>The provisions of the MLI that are applicable with respect to the provisions of the Agreement are included in boxes throughout the text of this document in the context of the relevant provisions of the Agreement. The boxes containing the provisions of the MLI have generally been inserted in accordance with the ordering of the provisions of the 2017 OECD Model Tax Convention.</p>
                        <p>Changes to the text of the provisions of the MLI have been made to conform the terminology used in the MLI to the terminology used in the Agreement (such as “Covered Tax Agreement” and “Agreement”, “Contracting Jurisdictions” and “Contracting States”), to ease the comprehension of the provisions of the MLI. The changes in terminology are intended to increase the readability of the document and are not intended to change the substance of the provisions of the MLI. Similarly, changes have been made to parts of provisions of the MLI that describe existing provisions of the Agreement: descriptive language has been replaced by legal references of the existing provisions to ease the readability.</p>
                        <p>In all cases, references made to the provisions of the Agreement or to the Agreement must be understood as referring to the Agreement as modified by the provisions of the MLI, provided such provisions of the MLI have taken effect.</p>
                        <p>
                            <b>Entry into Effect of the MLI Provisions</b>
                        </p>
                        <p>The provisions of the MLI applicable to this Agreement do not take effect on the same dates as the original provisions of the Agreement. Each of provisions of the MLI could take effect on different dates, depending on the types of taxes involved (taxes withheld at source or other taxes levied) and on the choices made by the Republic of Finland and Ireland in their MLI positions.</p>
                        <p>Dates of the deposit of instruments of ratification, acceptance or approval: 25 February 2019 for the Republic of Finland and 29 January 2019 for Ireland.</p>
                        <p>Entry into force of the MLI: 1 June 2019 for the Republic of Finland and 1 May 2019 for Ireland.</p>
                        <p>This document provides specific information on the dates on or after which each of the provisions of the MLI has effect with respect to the Agreement throughout this document.</p>
                        <p>
                            <b>References</b>
                        </p>
                        <p>The authentic legal texts of the MLI can be found on the MLI Depositary (OECD) webpage:</p>
                        <p>
                            – in English: 
                            <a href="http://www.oecd.org/tax/treaties/multilateral-convention-to-implement-tax-treaty-related-measures-to-prevent-BEPS.pdf">http://www.oecd.org/tax/treaties/multilateral-convention-to-implement-tax-treaty-related-measures-to-prevent-BEPS.pdf</a>
                             and
                        </p>
                        <p>
                            – in French: 
                            <a href="http://www.oecd.org/fr/fiscalite/conventions/convention-multilaterale-pour-la-mise-en-oeuvre-des-mesures-relatives-aux-conventions-fiscales-pour-prevenir-le-BEPS.pdf">http://www.oecd.org/fr/fiscalite/conventions/convention-multilaterale-pour-la-mise-en-oeuvre-des-mesures-relatives-aux-conventions-fiscales-pour-prevenir-le-BEPS.pdf</a>
                        </p>
                        <p>
                            The MLI position of the Republic of Finland submitted to the Depositary upon
      acceptance on 25 February 2019, the consolidated MLI position of the Republic of Finland
      submitted to the Depositary on 27 June 2023 and the MLI position of Ireland submitted to the
      Depositary upon ratification on 29 January 2019 can be found on the MLI Depositary (OECD)
      webpage:
                            <a href="http://www.oecd.org/tax/treaties/beps-mli-signatories-and-parties.pdf">http://www.oecd.org/tax/treaties/beps-mli-signatories-and-parties.pdf</a>
                        </p>
                        <p>
                            The MLI Matching Database is publicly available on the OECD webpage: 
                            <a href="http://www.oecd.org/tax/treaties/mli-matching-database.htm">http://www.oecd.org/tax/treaties/mli-matching-database.htm</a>
                        </p>
                        <p>
                            The Act on Multilateral Convention to Implement Tax Treaty Related Measures to Prevent Base Erosion and Profit Shifting is published in Statute Book of Finland 231/2019. Link to Finnish language version 
                            <a href="https://www.finlex.fi/fi/laki/alkup/2019/20190231">https://www.finlex.fi/fi/laki/alkup/2019/20190231</a>
                             Link to Swedish language version 
                            <a href="https://www.finlex.fi/sv/laki/alkup/2019/20190231">https://www.finlex.fi/sv/laki/alkup/2019/20190231</a>
                        </p>
                        <p>
                            The Government´s Statute on the entry into force of the MLI and the Act and the
      Finnish text (translation) of the MLI is published in the Treaty Series of the Statute Book of
      Finland SopS 21-22/2019. Links to Finnish language versions
                            <a href="https://www.finlex.fi/fi/sopimukset/sopsteksti/2019/20190021">https://www.finlex.fi/fi/sopimukset/sopsteksti/2019/20190021</a>
                                  and
                            <a href="https://www.finlex.fi/fi/sopimukset/sopsteksti/2019/20190022">https://www.finlex.fi/fi/sopimukset/sopsteksti/2019/20190022</a>
                                  Links to Swedish language versions
                            <a href="https://www.finlex.fi/sv/sopimukset/sopimussarja/2019/fds20190021.pdf">https://www.finlex.fi/sv/sopimukset/sopimussarja/2019/fds20190021.pdf</a>
                                  and
                            <a href="https://www.finlex.fi/sv/sopimukset/sopimussarja/2019/fds20190022.pdf">https://www.finlex.fi/sv/sopimukset/sopimussarja/2019/fds20190022.pdf</a>
                        </p>
                        <p>
                            The Announcement of the Ministry of Finance on withdrawal of reservation made to
      Article 9 of the MLI and on additional notifications is published in the Treaty Series of the
      Statute Book of Finland SopS 48/2023. Link to Finnish language version
                            <a href="https://finlex.fi/fi/sopimukset/sopsteksti/2023/20230048/20230048_1">https://finlex.fi/fi/sopimukset/sopsteksti/2023/20230048/20230048_1</a>
                                  Link to Swedish language version
                            <a href="https://finlex.fi/sv/sopimukset/sopimussarja/2023/fds20230048.pdf">https://finlex.fi/sv/sopimukset/sopimussarja/2023/fds20230048.pdf</a>
                        </p>
                        <p>
                            The Announcement of the Ministry of Finance on the entry into force of the MLI in
      Ireland is published in the Treaty Series of the Statute Book of Finland SopS 34/2019 Link to
      Finnish language version
                            <a href="https://finlex.fi/fi/sopimukset/sopsteksti/2019/20190034">https://finlex.fi/fi/sopimukset/sopsteksti/2019/20190034</a>
                                  Link to Swedish language version
                            <a href="https://www.finlex.fi/sv/sopimukset/sopimussarja/2019/fds20190034.pdf">https://finlex.fi/sv/sopimukset/sopimussarja/2019/fds20190034.pdf</a>
                        </p>
                        <p>
                            Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Finland and the Government of Ireland for the avoidance of double taxation and the prevention of fiscal evasion with respect to taxes on income and capital gains signed on 27 March 1992 is published in the Treaty Series of the Statute Book of Finland SopS 88/1993. Link to Finnish language version: 
                            <a href="https://www.finlex.fi/fi/sopimukset/sopsteksti/1993/19930088">https://www.finlex.fi/fi/sopimukset/sopsteksti/1993/19930088</a>
                        </p>
                    </tblock>
                </embeddedStructure>
            </p>
            <p class="title">Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Finland and the Government of Ireland for the avoidance of double taxation and the prevention of fiscal evasion with respect to taxes on income and capital gains</p>
            <p>The Government of the Republic of Finland and the Government of Ireland,</p>
            <p>
                <embeddedStructure class="mli-replaced">
                    <p>
                        <authorialNote>
                            <p>[REPLACED by paragraph 1 of Article 6 of the MLI]</p>
                        </authorialNote>
                    </p>
                    <p>[Desiring to conclude an Agreement for the avoidance of double taxation and the prevention of fiscal evasion with respect to taxes on income and capital gains,]</p>
                </embeddedStructure>
            </p>
            <p>
                <embeddedStructure class="mli-replacement">
                    <p>
                        <authorialNote>
                            <p>
                                The following paragraph 1 of Article 6 of the MLI replaces the text referring to an intent to eliminate double taxation in the preamble of this Agreement:
                                <authorialNote marker="1" placement="bottom">
                                    <p>In accordance with paragraphs 1 and 3 of Article 35 of the MLI, paragraph 1 of Article 6 of the MLI has effect with respect to the application of this Agreement by the Republic of Finland:</p>
                                    <p>a) with respect to taxes withheld at source on amounts paid or credited to nonresidents, where the event giving rise to such taxes occurs on or after 1 January 2020; and</p>
                                    <p>b) with respect to all other taxes levied by the Republic of Finland, for taxes levied with respect to taxable periods beginning on or after 1 January 2020;</p>
                                    <p>and,</p>
                                    <p>In accordance with paragraph 1 of Article 35 of the MLI, paragraph 1 of Article 6 of the MLI has effect with respect to the application of the Agreement by Ireland:</p>
                                    <p>a) with respect to taxes withheld at source on amounts paid or credited to nonresidents, where the event giving rise to such taxes occurs on or after 1 January 2020; and</p>
                                    <p>b) with respect to all other taxes levied by Ireland, for taxes levied with respect to taxable periods beginning on or after 1 December 2019.</p>
                                </authorialNote>
                            </p>
                        </authorialNote>
                    </p>
                    <article>
                        <num>ARTICLE 6 OF THE MLI – PURPOSE OF A COVERED TAX AGREEMENT</num>
                        <content>
                            <p>
                                Intending to eliminate double taxation with respect to the taxes covered by [
                                <i>this Agreement</i>
                                ] without creating opportunities for non-taxation or reduced taxation through tax evasion or avoidance (including through treaty-shopping arrangements aimed at obtaining reliefs provided in [
                                <i>the Agreement</i>
                                ] for the indirect benefit of residents of third jurisdictions),
                            </p>
                        </content>
                    </article>
                </embeddedStructure>
            </p>
            <p>Have agreed as follows:</p>
        </preamble>
        <mainBody>
            <article eId="art_1">
                <num>Article 1</num>
                <heading>Personal Scope</heading>
                <content>
                    <p>This Agreement shall apply to persons who are residents of one or both of the Contracting States.</p>
                </content>
            </article>
            <article eId="art_2">
                <num>Article 2</num>
                <heading>Taxes Covered</heading>
                <content>
                    <p>1. The existing taxes to which this Agreement shall apply are:</p>
                    <p>a) in Finland:</p>
                    <p>(i) the state income tax;</p>
                    <p>(ii) the communal tax;</p>
                    <p>(iii) the church tax; and</p>
                    <p>(iv) the tax withheld at source from non-residents' income</p>
                    <p>(hereinafter referred to as "Finnish tax");</p>
                    <p>b) in Ireland:</p>
                    <p>(i) the income tax;</p>
                    <p>(ii) the corporation tax; and</p>
                    <p>(iii) the capital gains tax</p>
                    <p>(hereinafter referred to as "Irish tax").</p>
                    <p>2. This Agreement shall apply also to any identical or substantially similar taxes which are imposed by a Contracting State after the date of signature of this Agreement in addition to, or in place of, the existing taxes. The competent authorities of the Contracting States shall notify each other of any substantial changes which have been made in their respective taxation laws.</p>
                </content>
            </article>
            <article eId="art_3">
                <num>Article 3</num>
                <heading>General Definitions</heading>
                <content>
                    <p>1. For the purposes of this Agreement, unless the context otherwise requires:</p>
                    <p>a) the term "Finland" means the Republic of Finland and, when used in a geographical sense, means the territory of the Republic of Finland, and any area adjacent to the territorial waters of the Republic of Finland within which, under the laws of Finland and in accordance with international law, the rights of Finland with respect to the exploration for and exploitation of the natural resources of the sea bed and its subsoil and of the superjacent waters may be exercised;</p>
                    <p>b) the term "Ireland" includes any area outside the territorial waters of Ireland, which in accordance with international law has been or may hereafter be designated under the laws of Ireland concerning the Continental Shelf, as an area within which the rights of Ireland with respect to the sea bed and subsoil and their natural resources may be exercised;</p>
                    <p>c) the terms "Contracting State", "one of the Contracting States" and "the other Contracting State" mean Finland or Ireland, as the context requires; and the term "Contracting States" means Finland and Ireland;</p>
                    <p>d) the term "person" includes an individual, a company and any other body of persons;</p>
                    <p>e) the term "company" means any body corporate or any entity which is treated as a body corporate for tax purposes;</p>
                    <p>f) the terms "enterprise of a Contracting State" and "enterprise of the other Contracting State" mean respectively an enterprise carried on by a resident of a Contracting State and an enterprise carried on by a resident of the other Contracting State;</p>
                    <p>g) the term "national" means:</p>
                    <p>(i) in relation to Finland, any individual possessing the nationality of Finland and any legal person, partnership and association deriving its status as such from the laws in force in Finland;</p>
                    <p>(ii) in relation to Ireland, any citizen of Ireland and any legal person, association or other entity deriving its status as such from the laws in force in Ireland;</p>
                    <p>h) the term "international traffic" means any transport by a ship or aircraft operated by an enterprise of a Contracting State, except when the ship or aircraft is operated solely between places in the other Contracting State;</p>
                    <p>i) the term "tax" means Finnish tax or Irish tax, as the context requires;</p>
                    <p>j) the term "competent authority" means:</p>
                    <p>(i) in Finland, the Ministry of Finance or its authorised representative;</p>
                    <p>(ii) in Ireland, the Revenue Commissioners or their authorised representative.</p>
                    <p>2. In this Agreement the terms "Finnish tax" and "Irish tax" do not include any penalty or interest imposed under the laws of a Contracting State concerning the taxes to which this Agreement applies by virtue of Article 2.</p>
                    <p>3. As regards the application of this Agreement by a Contracting State any term not defined therein shall, unless the context otherwise requires, have the meaning which it has under the law of that State concerning the taxes to which this Agreement applies by virtue of Article 2.</p>
                </content>
            </article>
            <article eId="art_4">
                <num>Article 4</num>
                <heading>Residence</heading>
                <content>
                    <p>1. For the purposes of this Agreement, the term "resident of a Contracting State" means any person who, under the laws of that State, is liable to tax therein by reason of his domicile, residence, place of management or any other criterion of a similar nature. However, the term does not include any person who is liable to tax in that State in respect only of income from sources in that State.</p>
                    <p>2. Where by reason of the provisions of paragraph 1 of this Article an individual is a resident of both Contracting States, then his status shall be determined in accordance with the following rules:</p>
                    <p>a) he shall be deemed to be a resident of the State in which he has a permanent home available to him; if he has a permanent home available to him in both States, he shall be deemed to be a resident of the State with which his personal and economic relations are closer (centre of vital interests);</p>
                    <p>b) if the State in which he has his centre of vital interests cannot be determined, or if he has not a permanent home available to him in either State, he shall be deemed to be a resident of the State in which he has an habitual abode;</p>
                    <p>c) if he has an habitual abode in both States or in neither of them, he shall be deemed to be a resident of the State of which he is a national;</p>
                    <p>d) if he is a national of both States or of neither of them, the competent authorities of the Contracting States shall settle the question by mutual agreement.</p>
                    <p>3. Where by reason of the provisions of paragraph 1 of this Article, a person other than an individual is a resident of both Contracting States or of neither of them:</p>
                    <p>a) it shall be deemed to be a resident of Ireland if its place of effective management is situated in Ireland, or</p>
                    <p>b) it shall be deemed to be a resident of Finland if its place of effective management is situated in Finland or if it is incorporated in Finland and its place of effective management is not situated in Ireland.</p>
                </content>
            </article>
            <article eId="art_5">
                <num>Article 5</num>
                <heading>Permanent Establishment</heading>
                <content>
                    <p>1. For the purposes of this Agreement, the term "permanent establishment" means a fixed place of business through which the business of an enterprise is wholly or partly carried on.</p>
                    <p>2. The term "permanent establishment" includes especially:</p>
                    <p>a) a place of management;</p>
                    <p>b) a branch;</p>
                    <p>c) an office;</p>
                    <p>d) a factory;</p>
                    <p>e) a workshop;</p>
                    <p>f) a mine, an oil or gas well, a quarry or any other place of extraction of natural resources; and</p>
                    <p>g) an installation or structure used for the exploration or exploitation of natural resources.</p>
                    <p>3. A building site, or a construction, installation or assembly project constitutes a permanent establishment only if it lasts more than twelve months.</p>
                    <p>4. An enterprise shall be deemed to have a permanent establishment in a Contracting State and to carry on business through that permanent establishment if it carries on supervisory activities in that State for more than twelve months in connection with a building site, or a construction, installation or assembly project which is being undertaken in that State.</p>
                    <p>5. Notwithstanding the preceding provisions of this Article, the term "permanent establishment" shall be deemed not to include:</p>
                    <p>a) the use of facilities solely for the purpose of storage, display or delivery of goods or merchandise belonging to the enterprise;</p>
                    <p>b) the maintenance of a stock of goods or merchandise belonging to the enterprise solely for the purpose of storage, display or delivery;</p>
                    <p>c) the maintenance of a stock of goods or merchandise belonging to the enterprise solely for the purpose of processing by another enterprise;</p>
                    <p>d) the maintenance of a fixed place of business solely for the purpose of purchasing goods or merchandise or of collecting information, for the enterprise;</p>
                    <p>e) the maintenance of a fixed place of business solely for the purpose of carrying on, for the enterprise, any other activity of a preparatory or auxiliary character;</p>
                    <p>f) the maintenance of a fixed place of business solely for any combination of activities mentioned in sub-paragraphs a) to e) of this paragraph, provided that the overall activity of the fixed place of business resulting from this combination is of a preparatory or auxiliary character.</p>
                    <p>6. Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraphs 1, 2, 3 and 4 of this Article, where a person – other than an agent of an independent status to whom paragraph 7 of this Article applies – is acting on behalf of an enterprise and has, and habitually exercises, in a Contracting State an authority to conclude contracts in the name of the enterprise, that enterprise shall be deemed to have a permanent establishment in that State in respect of any activities which that person undertakes for the enterprise, unless the activities of such person are limited to those mentioned in paragraph 5 of this Article which, if exercised through a fixed place of business, would not make this fixed place of business a permanent establishment under the provisions of that paragraph.</p>
                    <p>7. An enterprise of a Contracting State shall not be deemed to have a permanent establishment in the other Contracting State merely because it carries on business in that other State through a broker, general commission agent or any other agent of an independent status, provided that such persons are acting in the ordinary course of their business.</p>
                    <p>8. The fact that a company which is a resident of a Contracting State controls or is controlled by a company which is a resident of the other Contracting State, or which carries on business in that other State (whether through a permanent establishment or otherwise), shall not of itself constitute either company a permanent establishment of the other.</p>
                </content>
            </article>
            <article eId="art_6">
                <num>Article 6</num>
                <heading>Limitation of Relief</heading>
                <content>
                    <p>Where, under any provision of this Agreement, income or gains is or are wholly or partly relieved from tax in a Contracting State and, under the laws in force in the other Contracting State, an individual, in respect of the said income or gains, is subject to tax by reference to the amount thereof which is remitted to or received in that other State, and not by reference to the full amount thereof, then the relief to be allowed under this Agreement in the first-mentioned State shall apply only to so much of the income or gains as is remitted to or received in that other State.</p>
                </content>
            </article>
            <article eId="art_7">
                <num>Article 7</num>
                <heading>Income from Immovable Property</heading>
                <content>
                    <p>1. Income derived by a resident of a Contracting State from immovable property (including income from agriculture or forestry) situated in the other Contracting State may be taxed in that other State.</p>
                    <p>2. a) The term "immovable property" shall, subject to the provisions of sub-paragraphs b) and c) of this paragraph, have the meaning which it has under the law of the Contracting State in which the property in question is situated.</p>
                    <p>b) The term "immovable property" shall in any case include property accessory to immovable property, livestock and equipment used in agriculture and forestry, rights to which the provisions of general law respecting landed property apply, usufruct of immovable property and rights to variable or fixed payments as consideration for the working of, or the right to work, mineral deposits, oil or gas wells, quarries, sources and other natural resources.</p>
                    <p>c) Ships and aircraft shall not be regarded as immovable property.</p>
                    <p>3. The provisions of paragraph 1 of this Article shall apply to income derived from the direct use, letting, or use in any other form of immovable property.</p>
                    <p>4. Where the ownership of shares or other corporate rights in a company entitles the owner of such shares or corporate rights to the enjoyment of immovable property held by the company, the income from the direct use, letting, or use in any other form of such right to enjoyment may be taxed in the Contracting State in which the immovable property is situated.</p>
                    <p>5. The provisions of paragraphs 1 and 3 of this Article shall also apply to the income from immovable property of an enterprise and to income from immovable property used for the performance of independent personal services.</p>
                </content>
            </article>
            <article eId="art_8">
                <num>Article 8</num>
                <heading>Business Profits</heading>
                <content>
                    <p>1. The profits of an enterprise of a Contracting State shall be taxable only in that State unless the enterprise carries on business in the other Contracting State through a permanent establishment situated therein. If the enterprise carries on business as aforesaid, the profits of the enterprise may be taxed in the other State but only so much of them as is attributable to that permanent establishment.</p>
                    <p>2. Subject to the provisions of paragraph 3 of this Article, where an enterprise of a Contracting State carries on business in the other Contracting State through a permanent establishment situated therein, there shall in each Contracting State be attributed to that permanent establishment the profits which it might be expected to make if it were a distinct and separate enterprise engaged in the same or similar activities under the same or similar conditions and dealing wholly independently with the enterprise of which it is a permanent establishment.</p>
                    <p>3. In determining the profits of a permanent establishment, there shall be allowed as deductions expenses (including executive and general administrative expenses) which are incurred for the purposes of the permanent establishment, whether so incurred in the Contracting State in which the permanent establishment is situated or elsewhere, and which would be so allowed if the permanent establishment were an independent entity which had incurred those expenses.</p>
                    <p>4. No profits shall be attributed to a permanent establishment by reason of the mere purchase by that permanent establishment of goods or merchandise for the enterprise.</p>
                    <p>5. For the purposes of the preceding paragraphs of this Article, the profits to be attributed to the permanent establishment shall be determined by the same method year by year unless there is good and sufficient reason to the contrary.</p>
                    <p>6. Nothing in the foregoing provisions of this Article shall affect any of the provisions of the law of a Con tracting State relating specifically to the liability to tax of a life assurance company not having its head office in that State.</p>
                    <p>7. Where profits include items of income which are dealt with separately in other Articles of this Agreement, then the provisions of those Articles shall not be affected by the provisions of this Article.</p>
                </content>
            </article>
            <article eId="art_9">
                <num>Article 9</num>
                <heading>Shipping and Air Transport</heading>
                <content>
                    <p>1. Profits of an enterprise of a Contracting State from the operation of ships or aircraft in international traffic shall be taxable only in that State.</p>
                    <p>2. For the purposes of this Article, profits from the operation of ships or aircraft in international traffic include profits derived by a lessor from the rental on a bareboat basis of ships or aircraft if such ships or aircraft are operated in international traffic or if such rental profits are incidental to the profits mentioned in paragraph 1 of this Article.</p>
                    <p>3. Notwithstanding the provisions of Article 8, profits of an enterprise of a Contracting State from the use, maintenance or rental of containers (including trailers, barges and related equipment for the transport of containers) used for the transport of goods or merchandise shall be taxable only in that State, except where such containers are used for the transport of goods or merchandise solely between places within the other Contracting State.</p>
                    <p>4. The provisions of this Article shall also apply to profits from the participation in a pool, a joint business, or an international operating agency.</p>
                </content>
            </article>
            <article eId="art_10">
                <num>Article 10</num>
                <heading>Associated Enterprises</heading>
                <content>
                    <p>1. Where:</p>
                    <p>a) an enterprise of a Contracting State participates directly or indirectly in the management, control or capital of an enterprise of the other Contracting State, or</p>
                    <p>b) the same persons participate directly or indirectly in the management, control or capital of an enterprise of a Contracting State and an enterprise of the other Contracting State,</p>
                    <p>and in either case conditions are made or imposed between the two enterprises in their commercial or financial relations which differ from those which would be made between independent enterprises, then any profits which would, but for those conditions, have accrued to one of the enterprises, but, by reason of those conditions, have not so accrued, may be included in the profits of that enterprise and taxed accordingly.</p>
                    <p>2. Where a Contracting State includes in the profits of an enterprise of that State – and taxes accordingly – profits on which an enterprise of the other Contracting State has been charged to tax in that other State and the profits so included are claimed by the first-mentioned State to be profits which would have accrued to the enterprise of the first-mentioned State if the conditions made between the two enterprises had been those which would have been made between independent enterprises, then that other State shall make an appropriate adjustment to the amount of tax charged therein on those profits, where that other State considers the adjustment justified. In determining such adjustment, due regard shall be had to the other provisions of this Agreement and the competent authorities of the Contracting States shall if necessary consult each other.</p>
                </content>
            </article>
            <article eId="art_11">
                <num>Article 11</num>
                <heading>Dividends</heading>
                <content>
                    <p>1. a) (i) Dividends derived from a company which is a resident of Finland by a resident of Ireland may be taxed in Ireland.</p>
                    <p>(ii) Where, under sub-paragraph b) of this paragraph, a resident of Ireland is entitled to a tax credit in respect of such a dividend, tax may also be charged in Finland and according to the laws of Finland on the aggregate of the amount of that dividend and the amount of that tax credit at a rate not exceeding 15 per cent.</p>
                    <p>(iii) Except as provided in sub-paragraph a)(ii) of this paragraph, dividends derived from a company which is a resident of Finland and which are beneficially owned by a resident of Ireland shall be exempt from any tax which is chargeable in Finland on dividends.</p>
                    <p>b) A resident of Ireland who receives dividends from a company which is a resident of Finland shall, subject to the provisions of sub-paragraph c) of this paragraph and provided he is the beneficial owner of the dividends, be entitled to a tax credit in respect thereof equal to one-half of the tax credit to which an individual resident in Finland would have been entitled had he received those dividends, and to the payment of any excess of that tax credit by Finland over any tax chargeable in accordance with the provisions of sub-paragraph a)(ii) of this paragraph on those dividends.</p>
                    <p>c) The provisions of sub-paragraph b) of this paragraph shall not apply where the beneficial owner of the dividend (being a company) is, or is associated with, a company which either alone or together with one or more associated companies controls directly or indirectly 10 per cent or more of the voting power in the company from which the dividend is derived. For the purposes of this sub-paragraph two companies shall be deemed to be associated if one is controlled directly or indirectly by the other, or both are controlled directly or indirectly by a third company.</p>
                    <p>2. a) (i) Dividends derived from a company which is a resident of Ireland by a resident of Finland may be taxed in Finland.</p>
                    <p>(ii) Where, under sub-paragraph b) of this paragraph, a resident of Finland is entitled to a tax credit in respect of such a dividend, tax may also be charged in Ireland and according to the laws of Ireland on the aggregate of the amount of that dividend and the amount of that tax credit at a rate not exceeding 15 per cent.</p>
                    <p>(iii) Except as provided in sub-paragraph a)(ii) of this paragraph, dividends derived from a company which is a resident of Ireland and which are beneficially owned by a resident of Finland shall be exempt from any tax which is chargeable in Ireland on dividends.</p>
                    <p>b) A resident of Finland who receives dividends from a company which is a resident of Ireland shall, subject to the provisions of sub-paragraph c) of this paragraph and provided he is the beneficial owner of the dividends, be entitled to the tax credit in respect thereof to which an individual resident in Ireland would have been entitled had he received those dividends, and to the payment of any excess of that tax credit by Ireland over any tax chargeable in accordance with the provisions of sub-paragraph a)(ii) of this paragraph on those dividends.</p>
                    <p>c) The provisions of sub-paragraph b) of this paragraph shall not apply where the beneficial owner of the dividend (being a company) is, or is associated with, a company which either alone or together with one or more associated companies controls directly or indirectly 10 per cent or more of the voting power in the company from which the dividend is derived. For the purposes of this sub-paragraph two companies shall be deemed to be associated if one is controlled directly or indirectly by the other, or both are controlled directly or indirectly by a third company.</p>
                    <p>3. The preceding paragraphs shall not affect the taxation of the company in respect of the profits out of which the dividends are paid.</p>
                    <p>4. The term "dividends" as used in this Article means income from shares or other rights, not being debt-claims, and includes any income or distribution assimilated to income from shares under the taxation laws of the Contracting State of which the company paying the dividends or income or making the distribution is a resident.</p>
                    <p>5. The provisions of paragraphs 1 and 2 of this Article shall not apply if the beneficial owner of the dividends, being a resident of a Contracting State, carries on business in the other Contracting State of which the company paying the dividends is a resident through a permanent establishment situated therein, or performs in that other Contracting State independent personal services from a fixed base situated therein, and the dividends are attributable to such permanent establishment or fixed base. In such case the provisions of Article 8 or Article 15, as the case may be, shall apply.</p>
                    <p>6. Where a company which is a resident of a Contracting State derives profits or income from the other Contracting State, that other State may not impose any tax on the dividends paid by the company, except insofar as such dividends are paid to a resident of that other State or insofar as the holding in respect of which the dividends are paid is effectively connected with a permanent establishment or a fixed base situated in that other State, nor subject the company's undistributed profits to a tax on the company's undistributed profits, even if the dividends paid or the undistributed profits consist wholly or partly of profits or income arising in such other State.</p>
                    <p>
                        <embeddedStructure class="mli-replaced">
                            <p>
                                <authorialNote>
                                    <p>
                                        [Replaced by paragraph 1 of Article 7 of the MLI
                                        <authorialNote marker="2" placement="bottom">
                                            <p>See the box immediately following Article 28 of the Agreement.</p>
                                        </authorialNote>
                                        ]
                                    </p>
                                </authorialNote>
                            </p>
                            <p>[7. a) If the beneficial owner of a dividend, being a resident of a Contracting State, owns 10 per cent or more of the class of shares of a company in respect of which the dividend is paid, then the provisions of paragraph 1 or 2 of this Article, as appropriate, shall not apply to the dividend to the extent that it can have been paid only out of profits which the company paying the dividend earned or other income which it received in a period ending twelve months or more before the relevant date. For the purposes of this paragraph, the term "relevant date" means the date on which the beneficial owner of the dividend became the owner of 10 per cent or more of the class of shares in question.]</p>
                            <p>[b) The provisions of paragraph 1 or 2 of this Article, as appropriate, shall not apply if:]</p>
                            <p>[(i) the beneficial owner of the dividend being a resident of a Contracting State is exempt from tax thereon in that Contracting State; and]</p>
                            <p>[(ii) the dividend is paid in such circumstances that, if the recipient were a resident of the other Contracting State and exempt from tax thereon in that Contracting State, the exemption would be limited or removed.]</p>
                            <p>[c) This paragraph shall not apply if the beneficial owner of the dividend shows that the relevant shares were acquired for bona fide commercial reasons and not primarily for the purposes of securing the benefit of this Article.]</p>
                        </embeddedStructure>
                    </p>
                </content>
            </article>
            <tblock class="noteEditorial" eId="note_1" finlex:outline="huomautus">
                <p>
                    See also 
                    <a href="/akn/fi/doc/tax-treaty-consolidated/1993/88/annex/1/treaty-note/1">Exchange of Letters</a>.
                </p>
            </tblock>
            <article eId="art_12">
                <num>Article 12</num>
                <heading>Interest</heading>
                <content>
                    <p>1. Interest arising in a Contracting State and derived by a resident of the other Contracting State shall be taxable only in that other State if such resident is the beneficial owner of the interest.</p>
                    <p>2. The term "interest", as used in this Article, means income from debt-claims of every kind, whether or not secured by mortgage, and whether or not carrying a right to participate in the debtors profits, and in particular, income from government securities and income from bonds or debentures, as well as all other income assimilated to income from money lent by the laws of the State in which the income arises but does not include any income which is treated as a dividend under Article 11.</p>
                    <p>3. The provisions of paragraph 1 of this Article shall not apply if the beneficial owner of the interest, being a resident of a Contracting State, carries on business in the other Contracting State in which the interest arises through a permanent establishment situated therein, or performs in that other State independent personal services from a fixed base situated therein, and the debt-claim in respect of which the interest is paid is effectively connected with such permanent establishment or fixed base. In such case the provisions of Article 8 or Article 15, as the case may be, shall apply.</p>
                    <p>4. Interest shall be deemed to arise in a Contracting State when the payer is that State itself, a local authority or a resident of that State. Where, however, the person paying the interest, whether he is a resident of a Contracting State or not, has in a Contracting State a permanent establishment or a fixed base in connection with which the indebtedness on which the interest is paid was incurred, and the interest is borne by such permanent establishment or fixed base, then such interest shall be deemed to arise in the Contracting State in which the permanent establishment or fixed base is situated.</p>
                    <p>5. Where, by reason of a special relationship between the payer and the beneficial owner or between both of them and some other person, the amount of the interest, having regard to the debt-claim for which it is paid, exceeds, for whatever reason, the amount which would have been agreed upon by the payer and the beneficial owner in the absence of such relationship, the provisions of this Article shall apply only to the last-mentioned amount. In such case, the excess part of the payments shall remain taxable according to the laws of each Contracting State, due regard being had to the other provisions of this Agreement.</p>
                    <p>
                        <embeddedStructure class="mli-replaced">
                            <p>
                                <authorialNote>
                                    <p>
                                        [Replaced by paragraph 1 of Article 7 of the MLI
                                        <authorialNote marker="3" placement="bottom">
                                            <p>See the box immediately following Article 28 of the Agreement.</p>
                                        </authorialNote>
                                        ]
                                    </p>
                                </authorialNote>
                            </p>
                            <p>[6. The provisions of paragraph 1 of this Article shall not apply if the debt-claim in respect of which the interest is paid was created or assigned mainly for the purpose of taking advantage of this Article and not for bona fide commercial reasons.]</p>
                        </embeddedStructure>
                    </p>
                </content>
            </article>
            <article eId="art_13">
                <num>Article 13</num>
                <heading>Royalties</heading>
                <content>
                    <p>1. Royalties arising in a Contracting State and derived by a resident of the other Contracting State shall be taxable only in that other State if such resident is the beneficial owner of the royalties.</p>
                    <p>2. The term "royalties" as used in this Article means payments of any kind received as a consideration for the use of, or the right to use, any copyright of literary, artistic or scientific work including cinematograph films, and films or tapes for television or radio broadcasting, any patent, trade mark, design or model, plan, secret formula or process, or for information concerning industrial, commercial or scientific experience.</p>
                    <p>3. The provisions of paragraph 1 of this Article shall not apply if the beneficial owner of the royalties, being a resident of a Contracting State, carries on business in the other Contracting State in which the royalties arise through a permanent establishment situated therein, or performs in that other State independent personal services from a fixed base situated therein, and the right or property in respect of which the royalties are paid is effectively connected with such permanent establishment or fixed base. In such case the provisions of Article 8 or Article 15, as the case may be, shall apply.</p>
                    <p>4. Royalties shall be deemed to arise in a Contracting State when the payer is that State itself, a local authority or a resident of that State. Where, however, the person paying the royalties, whether he is a resident of a Contracting State or not, has in a Contracting State a permanent establishment or a fixed base in connection with which the liability to pay the royalties was incurred, and such royalties are borne by such permanent establishment or fixed base, then such royalties shall be deemed to arise in the State in which the permanent establishment or fixed base is situated.</p>
                    <p>5. Where, by reason of a special relationship between the payer and the beneficial owner or between both of them and some other person, the amount of the royalties, having regard to the use, right or information for which they are paid, exceeds, for whatever reason, the amount which would have been agreed upon by the payer and the beneficial owner in the absence of such relationship, the provisions of this Article shall apply only to the last-mentioned amount. In such case, the excess part of the payments shall remain taxable according to the laws of each Contracting State, due regard being had to the other provisions of this Agreement.</p>
                    <p>
                        <embeddedStructure class="mli-replaced">
                            <p>
                                <authorialNote>
                                    <p>
                                        [Replaced by paragraph 1 of Article 7 of the MLI
                                        <authorialNote marker="4" placement="bottom">
                                            <p>See the box immediately following Article 28 of the Agreement.</p>
                                        </authorialNote>
                                        ]
                                    </p>
                                </authorialNote>
                            </p>
                            <p>[6. The provisions of paragraph 1 of this Article shall not apply if the right or property giving rise to the royalties was created or assigned mainly for the purpose of taking advantage of this Article and not for bona fide commercial reasons.]</p>
                        </embeddedStructure>
                    </p>
                </content>
            </article>
            <article eId="art_14">
                <num>Article 14</num>
                <heading>Capital Gains</heading>
                <content>
                    <p>1. Gains derived by a resident of a Contracting State from the alienation of immovable property referred to in paragraph 2 of Article 7 and situated in the other Contracting State may be taxed in that other State.</p>
                    <p>2. Gains from the alienation of:</p>
                    <p>a) shares deriving their value or the greater part of their value directly or indirectly from immovable property situated in a Contracting State; or</p>
                    <p>b) an interest in a partnership or trust the assets of which consist principally of immovable property situated in a Contracting State or of shares referred to in sub-paragraph a) above,</p>
                    <p>may be taxed in the Contracting State in which such immovable property is situated. In this paragraph the term "shares" does not include shares quoted or listed on a recognised stock exchange.</p>
                    <p>3. For the purposes of paragraph 2 of this Article the term "a recognised stock exchange" means:</p>
                    <p>a) the Stock Exchange – Irish;</p>
                    <p>b) the Helsinki Stock Exchange; and</p>
                    <p>c) any other stock exchange agreed upon by the competent authorities of the Contracting States.</p>
                    <p>4. Gains, other than those dealt with in paragraph 2 of this Article, from the alienation of movable property forming part of the business property of a permanent establishment which an enterprise of a Contracting State has in the other Contracting State or of movable property pertaining to a fixed base available to a resident of a Contracting State in the other Contracting State for the purpose of performing independent personal services, including such gains from the alienation of such a permanent establishment (alone or with the whole enterprise) or of such fixed base, may be taxed in that other State.</p>
                    <p>5. Gains derived by an enterprise of a Contracting State from the alienation of ships, aircraft or containers (including trailers, barges and related equipment for the transport of containers) operated in international traffic or movable property pertaining to the operation of such ships, aircraft or containers, shall be taxable only in that State.</p>
                    <p>6. Gains from the alienation of any property other than that referred to in the preceding paragraphs of this Article, shall be taxable only in the Contracting State of which the alienator is a resident.</p>
                    <p>
                        <embeddedStructure class="mli-replacement">
                            <p>
                                <authorialNote>
                                    <p>
                                        The following paragraph 4 of Article 9 of the MLI applies and supersedes the
        provisions of this Agreement:
                                        <authorialNote marker="5" placement="bottom">
                                            <p>In accordance with paragraph 9 of Article 28 and paragraph 6 of Article 29 of
            the MLI, paragraph 4 of Article 9 of the MLI has effect with respect to the application
            of this Agreement by the Republic of Finland: </p>
                                            <p>a) with respect to taxes withheld at source on amounts paid or credited to
            non-residents, where the event giving rise to such taxes occurs on or after 1 January
            2024; and</p>
                                            <p>b) with respect to all other taxes levied by the Republic of Finland, for taxes
            levied with respect to taxable periods beginning on or after 1 January 2024;</p>
                                            <p>and,</p>
                                            <p>In accordance with paragraph 9 of Article 28 and paragraph 6 of Article 29 of
            the MLI, paragraph 4 of Article 9 of the MLI has effect with respect to the application
            of the Agreement by Ireland: </p>
                                            <p>a) with respect to taxes withheld at source on amounts paid or credited to
            non-residents, where the event giving rise to such taxes occurs on or after 1 January
            2024; and</p>
                                            <p>b) with respect to all other taxes levied by Ireland, for taxes levied with
            respect to taxable periods beginning on or after 1 January 2024.</p>
                                        </authorialNote>
                                    </p>
                                </authorialNote>
                            </p>
                            <article>
                                <num>ARTICLE 9 OF THE MLI – CAPITAL GAINS FROM ALIENATION OF SHARES OR INTERESTS OF ENTITIES DERIVING THEIR VALUE PRINCIPALLY FROM IMMOVABLE PROPERTY</num>
                                <content>
                                    <p>
                                        For purposes of [
                                        <i>the Agreement</i>
                                        ], gains derived by a
          resident of a [
                                        <i>Contracting State</i>
                                        ] from the alienation of shares or
          comparable interests, such as interests in a partnership or trust, may be taxed in the
          other [
                                        <i>Contracting State</i>
                                        ] if, at any time during the 365 days
          preceding the alienation, these shares or comparable interests derived more than 50 per
          cent of their value directly or indirectly from immovable property (real property)
          situated in that other [
                                        <i>Contracting State</i>
                                        ].
                                    </p>
                                </content>
                            </article>
                        </embeddedStructure>
                    </p>
                </content>
            </article>
            <article eId="art_15">
                <num>Article 15</num>
                <heading>Independent Personal Services</heading>
                <content>
                    <p>1. Income derived by a resident of a Contracting State in respect of professional services or other activities of an independent character shall be taxable only in that State unless he has a fixed base regularly available to him in the other Contracting State for the purpose of performing his activities. If he has such a fixed base, the income may be taxed in the other State but only so much of it as is attributable to that fixed base.</p>
                    <p>2. The term "professional services" includes especially independent scientific, literary, artistic, educational or teaching activities as well as the independent activities of physicians, surgeons, lawyers, engineers, architects, dentists, accountants and veterinary practitioners.</p>
                </content>
            </article>
            <article eId="art_16">
                <num>Article 16</num>
                <heading>Dependent Personal Services</heading>
                <content>
                    <p>1. Subject to the provisions of Articles 17, 19, 20 and 21, salaries, wages and other similar remuneration derived by a resident of a Contracting State in respect of an employment shall be taxable only in that State unless the employment is exercised in the other Contracting State. If the employment is so exercised, such remuneration as is derived therefrom may be taxed in that other State.</p>
                    <p>2. Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph 1 of this Article, remuneration derived by a resident of a Contracting State in respect of an employment exercised in the other Contracting State shall be taxable only in the first-mentioned State if:</p>
                    <p>a) the recipient is present in the other State for a period or periods not exceeding in the aggregate 183 days within any twelve-month period falling wholly or partly within the fiscal year concerned of that other State, and</p>
                    <p>b) the remuneration is paid by, or on behalf of, an employer who is not a resident of the other State, and</p>
                    <p>c) the remuneration is not borne by a permanent establishment or a fixed base which the employer has in the other State.</p>
                    <p>3. Notwithstanding the preceding provisions of this Article, remuneration derived in respect of an employment exercised aboard a ship or aircraft operated in international traffic by an enterprise of a Contracting State, may be taxed in that State.</p>
                </content>
            </article>
            <article eId="art_17">
                <num>Article 17</num>
                <heading>Directors' Fees</heading>
                <content>
                    <p>Directors' fees and other similar remuneration derived by a resident of a Contracting State in his capacity as a member of the board of directors or any other similar organ of a company which is a resident of the other Contracting State may be taxed in that other State.</p>
                </content>
            </article>
            <article eId="art_18">
                <num>Article 18</num>
                <heading>Entertainers and Sportsmen</heading>
                <content>
                    <p>1. Notwithstanding the provisions of Articles 15 and 16, income derived by a resident of a Contracting State as an entertainer, such as a theatre, motion picture, radio or television artiste, or a musician, or as a sportsman such as an athlete, footballer, golfer, snooker player, card player or boxer, from his personal activities as such exercised in the other Contracting State whether individually or as a member of a group, may be taxed in that other State.</p>
                    <p>2. Where income in respect of personal activities exercised by an entertainer or a sportsman in his capacity as such accrues not to the entertainer or sportsman himself but to another person, that income may, notwithstanding the provisions of Articles 8, 15 and 16, be taxed in the Contracting State in which the activities of the entertainer or sportsman are exercised.</p>
                </content>
            </article>
            <article eId="art_19">
                <num>Article 19</num>
                <heading>Pensions, Annuities and Social Security Payments</heading>
                <content>
                    <p>1. Subject to the provisions of paragraph 2 of Article 20, pensions and other similar remuneration paid to a resident of a Contracting State in consideration of past employment and any annuity paid to such a resident shall be taxable only in that State.</p>
                    <p>2. Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph 1 of this Article, and subject to the provisions of paragraph 2 of Article 20, pensions paid and other payments made under the social security legislation of a Contracting State may be taxed in that State.</p>
                    <p>3. The term "annuity" means a stated sum payable periodically at stated times during life or during a specified or ascertainable period of time under an obligation to make the payments in return for adequate and full consideration in money or money's worth.</p>
                </content>
            </article>
            <article eId="art_20">
                <num>Article 20</num>
                <heading>Government Service</heading>
                <content>
                    <p>1. a) Remuneration, other than a pension, paid by a Contracting State or a local authority thereof to an individual in respect of services rendered to that State or authority shall be taxable only in that State.</p>
                    <p>b) However, such remuneration shall be taxable only in the Contracting State of which the individual is a resident if the services are rendered in that State and the individual:</p>
                    <p>(i) is a national of that State; or</p>
                    <p>(ii) did not become a resident of that State solely for the purpose of rendering the services.</p>
                    <p>2. a) Any pension paid by, or out of funds created by, a Contracting State or a local authority thereof to an individual in respect of services rendered to that State or authority shall be taxable only in that State.</p>
                    <p>b) However, such pension shall be taxable only in the Contracting State of which the individual is a resident if he is a national of that State.</p>
                    <p>3. The provisions of Articles 16, 17 and 19 shall apply to remuneration and pensions in respect of services rendered in connection with a business carried on by a Contracting State or a local authority thereof.</p>
                </content>
            </article>
            <article eId="art_21">
                <num>Article 21</num>
                <heading>Students</heading>
                <content>
                    <p>Payments which a student, apprentice or business, technical, agricultural or forestry trainee who is or was immediately before visiting a Contracting State a resident of the other Contracting State and who is present in the first-mentioned State solely for the purpose of his education or training receives for the purpose of his maintenance, education or training shall not be taxed in that State, provided that such payments arise from sources outside that State.</p>
                </content>
            </article>
            <article eId="art_22">
                <num>Article 22</num>
                <heading>Other Income</heading>
                <content>
                    <p>1. Items of income of a resident of a Contracting State, wherever arising, not dealt with in the foregoing Articles of this Agreement, other than income paid out of trusts, shall be taxable only in that State.</p>
                    <p>2. The provisions of paragraph 1 of this Article shall not apply to income, other than income from immovable property referred to in paragraph 2 of Article 7, if the beneficial owner of such income, being a resident of a Contracting State, carries on business in the other Contracting State through a permanent establishment situated therein, or performs in that other State independent personal services from a fixed base situated therein, and the right or property in respect of which the income is paid is effectively connected with such permanent establishment or fixed base; in which case the provisions of Article 8 or Article 15, as the case may be, shall apply.</p>
                </content>
            </article>
            <article eId="art_23">
                <num>Article 23</num>
                <heading>Miscellaneous Rules Applicable to Certain Offshore Activities</heading>
                <content>
                    <p>1. The provisions of this Article shall apply notwithstanding any other provision of this Agreement where activities (in this Article called "relevant activities") are carried on offshore in connection with the exploration or exploitation of the seabed and subsoil and their natural resources situated in a Contracting State.</p>
                    <p>2. An enterprise of a Contracting State which carries on relevant activities in the other Contracting State shall, subject to paragraph 3 of this Article, be deemed to be carrying on business in that other State through a permanent establishment situated therein.</p>
                    <p>3. Relevant activities which are carried on by an enterprise of a Contracting State in the other Contracting State for a period or periods not exceeding in the aggregate 30 days within any period of twelve months shall not constitute the carrying on of business through a permanent establishment situated therein. For the purposes of this paragraph:</p>
                    <p>a) where an enterprise of a Contracting State carrying on relevant activities in the other Contracting State is associated with another enterprise carrying on substantially similar relevant activities there, the former enterprise shall be deemed to be carrying on all such activities of the latter enterprise, except to the extent that those activities are carried on at the same time as its own activities;</p>
                    <p>b) an enterprise shall be regarded as associated with another enterprise if one participates directly or indirectly in the management, control or capital of the other or if the same persons participate directly or indirectly in the management, control or capital of both enterprises.</p>
                    <p>4. A resident of a Contracting State who carries on relevant activities in the other Contracting State, which consist of professional services or other activities of an independent character, shall be deemed to be performing those activities from a fixed base in that other State. However, income derived by a resident of a Contracting State in respect of such activities performed in the other Contracting State shall not be taxable in that other State if the activities are performed in that other State for a period or periods not exceeding in the aggregate 30 days within any period of twelve months.</p>
                    <p>5. Salaries, wages and similar remuneration derived by a resident of a Contracting State in respect of an employment connected with relevant activities in the other Contracting State may, to the extent that the duties are performed offshore in that other State, be taxed in that other State.</p>
                </content>
            </article>
            <article eId="art_24">
                <num>Article 24</num>
                <heading>Elimination of Double Taxation</heading>
                <content>
                    <p>1. In Finland double taxation shall be eliminated as follows:</p>
                    <p>a) Where a resident of Finland derives income which, in accordance with the provisions of this Agreement, may be taxed in Ireland, Finland shall, subject to the provisions of sub-paragraph b) of this paragraph, allow as a deduction from the tax on income of that person, an amount equal to the tax on income paid in Ireland.</p>
                    <p>Such deduction shall not, however, exceed that part of the tax on income, as computed before the deduction is given, which is attributable to the income which may be taxed in Ireland.</p>
                    <p>b) Dividends paid by a company which is a resident of Ireland to a company which is a resident of Finland and controls directly at least 10 per cent of the voting power in the company paying the dividends shall be exempt from Finnish tax.</p>
                    <p>c) For the purposes of sub-paragraph a) of this paragraph, the term "tax on income paid in Ireland" shall be deemed to include any amount of Irish tax which would have been payable on income under Irish taxation law but for any reduction of Irish tax on that income granted under the provisions of Chapter VI of Part I of the Finance Act, 1980 (as those provisions may be amended from time to time without changing the general principle thereof).</p>
                    <p>2. Subject to the provisions of the laws of Ireland regarding the allowance as a credit against Irish tax of tax payable in a territory outside Ireland (which shall not affect the general principle hereof)</p>
                    <p>a) Finnish tax payable under the laws of Finland and in accordance with this Agreement, whether directly or by deduction, on profits, income or chargeable gains from sources within Finland (excluding in the case of a dividend tax payable in respect of the profits out of which the dividend is paid) shall be allowed as a credit against any Irish tax computed by reference to the same profits, income or chargeable gains by reference to which Finnish tax is computed.</p>
                    <p>b) In the case of a dividend paid by a company which is a resident of Finland to a company which is a resident of Ireland and which controls directly or indirectly 10 per cent or more of the voting power in the company paying the dividend, the credit shall take into account (in addition to any Finnish tax creditable under the provisions of sub-paragraph a) of this paragraph) Finnish tax payable by the company in respect of the profits out of which such dividend is paid.</p>
                    <p>c) The amount of Finnish tax which, in accordance with sub-paragraph a) of this paragraph, shall be treated as payable under the laws of Finland and in accordance with this Agreement shall, in relation to income to which the provisions of paragraph 1 of Article 11 apply, be subject to the limitations of that paragraph.</p>
                    <p>3. For the purposes of paragraphs 1 and 2 of this Article profits, income and capital gains owned by a resident of a Contracting State which may be taxed in the other Contracting State in accordance with this Agreement shall be deemed to be derived from sources in that other Contracting State.</p>
                    <p>4. Where in accordance with any provisions of this Agreement income derived by a resident of a Contracting State is exempt from tax in that State, such State may nevertheless, in calculating the amount of tax on the remaining income of such resident, take into account the exempted income.</p>
                </content>
            </article>
            <article eId="art_25">
                <num>Article 25</num>
                <heading>Non-discrimination</heading>
                <content>
                    <p>1. Nationals of a Contracting State shall not be subjected in the other Contracting State to any taxation or any requirement connected therewith, which is other or more burdensome than the taxation and connected requirements to which nationals of that other State in the same circumstances are or may be subjected.</p>
                    <p>2. The taxation on a permanent establishment which an enterprise of a Contracting State has in the other Contracting State shall not be less favourably levied in that other State than the taxation levied on enterprises of that other State carrying on the same activities.</p>
                    <p>3. Nothing contained in this Article shall be construed as obliging a Contracting State to grant to non-residents of that State any exemptions, allowances, reliefs and reductions for tax purposes which it grants to its residents.</p>
                    <p>4. Except where the provisions of paragraph 1 of Article 10, paragraph 5 of Article 12, or paragraph </p>
                    <p>5 of Article 13, apply, interest, royalties and other disbursements paid by an enterprise of a Contracting State to a resident of the other Contracting State shall, for the purpose of determining the taxable profits of such enterprise, be deductible under the same conditions as if they had been paid to a resident of the first-mentioned State.</p>
                    <p>5. Enterprises of a Contracting State, the capital of which is wholly or partly owned or controlled, directly or indirectly, by one or more residents of the other Contracting State, shall not be subjected in the first-mentioned State to any taxation or any requirement connected therewith which is other or more burdensome than the taxation and connected requirements to which other similar enterprises of the first-mentioned State are or may be subjected.</p>
                </content>
            </article>
            <article eId="art_26">
                <num>Article 26</num>
                <heading>Mutual Agreement Procedure</heading>
                <content>
                    <p>
                        <embeddedStructure class="mli-replaced">
                            <p>
                                <authorialNote>
                                    <p>1. [The first sentence of paragraph 1 of Article 26 of this Agreement is REPLACED by the first sentence of paragraph 1 of Article 16 of the MLI]</p>
                                </authorialNote>
                            </p>
                            <p>[Where a resident of a Contracting State considers that the actions of one or both of the Contracting States result or will result for him in taxation not in accordance with the provisions of this Agreement, he may, irrespective of the remedies provided by the domestic law of those States, present his case to the competent authority of the Contracting State of which he is a resident or, if his case comes under paragraph 1 of Article 25, to that of the Contracting State of which he is a national.] The case must be presented within three years from the first notification of the action regarded by such resident as resulting in taxation not in accordance with the provisions of this Agreement.</p>
                        </embeddedStructure>
                    </p>
                    <p>
                        <embeddedStructure class="mli-replacement">
                            <p>
                                <authorialNote>
                                    <p>
                                        The following first sentence of paragraph 1 of Article 16 of the MLI replaces the first sentence of paragraph 1 of Article 26 of this Agreement:
                                        <authorialNote marker="6" placement="bottom">
                                            <p>In accordance with paragraphs 1 and 3 of Article 35 of the MLI, the first sentence of paragraph 1 of Article 16 of the MLI has effect with respect to the application of this Agreement by the Republic of Finland:</p>
                                            <p>a) with respect to taxes withheld at source on amounts paid or credited to nonresidents, where the event giving rise to such taxes occurs on or after 1 January 2020; and</p>
                                            <p>b) with respect to all other taxes levied by the Republic of Finland, for taxes levied with respect to taxable periods beginning on or after 1 January 2020;</p>
                                            <p>and,</p>
                                            <p>In accordance with paragraph 1 of Article 35 of the MLI, the first sentence of paragraph 1 of Article 16 of the MLI has effect with respect to the application of the Agreement by Ireland:</p>
                                            <p>a) with respect to taxes withheld at source on amounts paid or credited to nonresidents, where the event giving rise to such taxes occurs on or after 1 January 2020; and</p>
                                            <p>b) with respect to all other taxes levied by Ireland, for taxes levied with respect to taxable periods beginning on or after 1 December 2019.</p>
                                        </authorialNote>
                                    </p>
                                </authorialNote>
                            </p>
                            <article>
                                <num>ARTICLE 16 OF THE MLI – MUTUAL AGREEMENT PROCEDURE</num>
                                <content>
                                    <p>
                                        Where a person considers that the actions of one or both of the [
                                        <i>Contracting States</i>
                                        ] result or will result for that person in taxation not in accordance with the provisions of [
                                        <i>this Agreement</i>
                                        ], that person may, irrespective of the remedies provided by the domestic law of those [
                                        <i>Contracting States</i>
                                        ], present the case to the competent authority of either [
                                        <i>Contracting State</i>
                                        ].
                                    </p>
                                </content>
                            </article>
                        </embeddedStructure>
                    </p>
                    <p>2. The competent authority shall endeavour, if the objection appears to it to be justified and if it is not itself able to arrive at a satisfactory solution, to resolve the case by mutual agreement with the competent authority of the other Contracting State, with a view to the avoidance of taxation which is not in accordance with the provisions of this Agreement. In the event the competent authorities reach an agreement, taxes shall be imposed, and refund or credit of taxes shall be allowed by the Contracting States in accordance with such agreement. It shall be implemented notwithstanding any time limits in the domestic law of the Contracting States.</p>
                    <p>3. The competent authorities of the Contracting States shall endeavour to resolve by mutual agreement any difficulties or doubts arising as to the interpretation or application of this Agreement.</p>
                    <p>
                        <embeddedStructure class="mli-addition">
                            <p>
                                <authorialNote>
                                    <p>
                                        The following second sentence of paragraph 3 of Article 16 of the MLI applies to this Agreement:
                                        <authorialNote marker="7" placement="bottom">
                                            <p>In accordance with paragraphs 1 and 3 of Article 35 of the MLI, the second sentence of paragraph 3 of Article 16 of the MLI has effect with respect to the application of this Agreement by the Republic of Finland:</p>
                                            <p>a) with respect to taxes withheld at source on amounts paid or credited to nonresidents, where the event giving rise to such taxes occurs on or after 1 January 2020; and</p>
                                            <p>b) with respect to all other taxes levied by the Republic of Finland, for taxes levied with respect to taxable periods beginning on or after 1 January 2020;</p>
                                            <p>and,</p>
                                            <p>In accordance with paragraph 1 of Article 35 of the MLI, the second sentence of paragraph 3 of Article 16 of the MLI has effect with respect to the application of the Agreement by Ireland:</p>
                                            <p>a) with respect to taxes withheld at source on amounts paid or credited to nonresidents, where the event giving rise to such taxes occurs on or after 1 January 2020; and</p>
                                            <p>b) with respect to all other taxes levied by Ireland, for taxes levied with respect to taxable periods beginning on or after 1 December 2019.</p>
                                        </authorialNote>
                                    </p>
                                </authorialNote>
                            </p>
                            <article>
                                <num>ARTICLE 16 OF THE MLI – MUTUAL AGREEMENT PROCEDURE</num>
                                <content>
                                    <p>
                                        They may also consult together for the elimination of double taxation in cases not provided for in [
                                        <i>the Agreement</i>
                                        ].
                                    </p>
                                </content>
                            </article>
                        </embeddedStructure>
                    </p>
                    <p>
                        <embeddedStructure class="mli-addition">
                            <p>
                                <authorialNote>
                                    <p>
                                        The following Part VI of the MLI applies to this Agreement:
                                        <authorialNote marker="8" placement="bottom">
                                            <p>In accordance with paragraph 1 of Article 36 of the MLI, the provisions of Part VI (Arbitration) of the MLI has effect with respect to this Agreement with respect to cases presented to the competent authority of a Contracting State on or after 1 June 2019.</p>
                                            <p>In accordance with paragraph 2 of Article 36 of the MLI, the provisions of Part VI (Arbitration) of the MLI apply to a case presented to the competent authority of a Contracting State prior to 1 June 2019 only to the extent that the competent authorities of both Contracting States agree that it will apply to that specific case.</p>
                                            <p>However, the scope of cases eligible for arbitration under the provisions of Part VI of the MLI is limited due to reservations formulated in accordance with subparagraph a) of paragraph 2 of Article 28 of the MLI by the Contracting States. See these reservations at the end of this box.</p>
                                        </authorialNote>
                                    </p>
                                </authorialNote>
                            </p>
                            <chapter>
                                <num>PART VI. ARBITRATION</num>
                                <article>
                                    <num>Article 19 (Mandatory Binding Arbitration) of the MLI</num>
                                    <content>
                                        <p>1. Where:</p>
                                        <p>
                                            a) under [
                                            <i>paragraph 1 of Article 26 of this Agreement</i>
                                            ], a person has presented a case to the competent authority of a [
                                            <i>Contracting State</i>
                                            ] on the basis that the actions of one or both of the [
                                            <i>Contracting States</i>
                                            ] have resulted for that person in taxation not in accordance with the provisions of [
                                            <i>the Agreement</i>
                                            ]; and
                                        </p>
                                        <p>
                                            b) the competent authorities are unable to reach an agreement to resolve that case pursuant to [
                                            <i>paragraph 2 of Article 26 of the Agreement</i>
                                            ], within a period of two years beginning on the start date referred to in paragraph 8 or 9 [
                                            <i>of Article 19 of the MLI</i>
                                            ], as the case may be (unless, prior to the expiration of that period the competent authorities of the [
                                            <i>Contracting States</i>
                                            ] have agreed to a different time period with respect to that case and have notified the person who presented the case of such agreement),
                                        </p>
                                        <p>
                                            any unresolved issues arising from the case shall, if the person so requests in writing, be submitted to arbitration in the manner described in [
                                            <i>Part VI of the MLI</i>
                                            ], according to any rules or procedures agreed upon by the competent authorities of the [
                                            <i>Contracting States</i>
                                            ] pursuant to the provisions of paragraph 10 [
                                            <i>of Article 19 of the MLI</i>
                                            ].
                                        </p>
                                        <p>
                                            2. Where a competent authority has suspended the mutual agreement procedure referred to in paragraph 1 [
                                            <i>of Article 19 of the MLI</i>
                                            ] because a case with respect to one or more of the same issues is pending before court or administrative tribunal, the period provided in subparagraph b) of paragraph 1 [
                                            <i>of Article 19 of the MLI</i>
                                            ] will stop running until either a final decision has been rendered by the court or administrative tribunal or the case has been suspended or withdrawn. In addition, where a person who presented a case and a competent authority have agreed to suspend the mutual agreement procedure, the period provided in subparagraph b) of paragraph 1 [
                                            <i>of Article 19 of the MLI</i>
                                            ] will stop running until the suspension has been lifted.
                                        </p>
                                        <p>
                                            3. Where both competent authorities agree that a person directly affected by the case has failed to provide in a timely manner any additional material information requested by either competent authority after the start of the period provided in subparagraph b) of paragraph 1 [
                                            <i>of Article 19 of the MLI</i>
                                            ], the period provided in subparagraph b) of paragraph 1 [
                                            <i>of Article 19 of the MLI</i>
                                            ] shall be extended for an amount of time equal to the period beginning on the date by which the information was requested and ending on the date on which that information was provided.
                                        </p>
                                        <p>
                                            4. a) The arbitration decision with respect to the issues submitted to arbitration shall be implemented through the mutual agreement concerning the case referred to in paragraph 1 [
                                            <i>of Article 19 of the MLI</i>
                                            ]. The arbitration decision shall be final.
                                        </p>
                                        <p>
                                            b) The arbitration decision shall be binding on both [
                                            <i>Contracting States</i>
                                            ] except in the following cases:
                                        </p>
                                        <p>i) if a person directly affected by the case does not accept the mutual agreement that implements the arbitration decision. In such a case, the case shall not be eligible for any further consideration by the competent authorities. The mutual agreement that implements the arbitration decision on the case shall be considered not to be accepted by a person directly affected by the case if any person directly affected by the case does not, within 60 days after the date on which notification of the mutual agreement is sent to the person, withdraw all issues resolved in the mutual agreement implementing the arbitration decision from consideration by any court or administrative tribunal or otherwise terminate any pending court or administrative proceedings with respect to such issues in a manner consistent with that mutual agreement.</p>
                                        <p>
                                            ii) if a final decision of the courts of one of the [
                                            <i>Contracting States</i>
                                            ] holds that the arbitration decision is invalid. In such a case, the request for arbitration under paragraph 1 [
                                            <i>of Article 19 of the MLI</i>
                                            ] shall be considered not to have been made, and the arbitration process shall be considered not to have taken place (except for the purposes of Articles 21 (Confidentiality of Arbitration Proceedings) and 25 (Costs of Arbitration Proceedings) [
                                            <i>of the MLI</i>
                                            ]). In such a case, a new request for arbitration may be made unless the competent authorities agree that such a new request should not be permitted.
                                        </p>
                                        <p>iii) if a person directly affected by the case pursues litigation on the issues which were resolved in the mutual agreement implementing the arbitration decision in any court or administrative tribunal.</p>
                                        <p>
                                            5. The competent authority that received the initial request for a mutual agreement procedure as described in subparagraph a) of paragraph 1 [
                                            <i>of Article 19 of the MLI</i>
                                            ] shall, within two calendar months of receiving the request:
                                        </p>
                                        <p>a) send a notification to the person who presented the case that it has received the request; and</p>
                                        <p>
                                            b) send a notification of that request, along with a copy of the request, to the competent authority of the other [
                                            <i>Contracting State</i>
                                            ].
                                        </p>
                                        <p>
                                            6. Within three calendar months after a competent authority receives the request for a mutual agreement procedure (or a copy thereof from the competent authority of the other [
                                            <i>Contracting State</i>
                                            ]) it shall either:
                                        </p>
                                        <p>a) notify the person who has presented the case and the other competent authority that it has received the information necessary to undertake substantive consideration of the case; or</p>
                                        <p>b) request additional information from that person for that purpose.</p>
                                        <p>
                                            7. Where pursuant to subparagraph b) of paragraph 6 [
                                            <i>of Article 19 of the MLI</i>
                                            ], one or both of the competent authorities have requested from the person who presented the case additional information necessary to undertake substantive consideration of the case, the competent authority that requested the additional information shall, within three calendar months of receiving the additional information from that person, notify that person and the other competent authority either:
                                        </p>
                                        <p>a) that it has received the requested information; or</p>
                                        <p>b) that some of the requested information is still missing.</p>
                                        <p>
                                            8. Where neither competent authority has requested additional information pursuant to subparagraph b) of paragraph 6 [
                                            <i>of Article 19 of the MLI</i>
                                            ], the start date referred to in paragraph 1 [
                                            <i>of Article 19 of the MLI</i>
                                            ] shall be the earlier of:
                                        </p>
                                        <p>
                                            a) the date on which both competent authorities have notified the person who presented the case pursuant to subparagraph a) of paragraph 6 [
                                            <i>of Article 19 of the MLI</i>
                                            ]; and
                                        </p>
                                        <p>
                                            b) the date that is three calendar months after the notification to the competent authority of the other [
                                            <i>Contracting State</i>
                                            ] pursuant to subparagraph b) of paragraph 5 [
                                            <i>of Article 19 of the MLI</i>
                                            ].
                                        </p>
                                        <p>
                                            9. Where additional information has been requested pursuant to subparagraph b) of paragraph 6 [
                                            <i>of Article 19 of the MLI</i>
                                            ], the start date referred to in paragraph 1 [
                                            <i>of Article 19 of the MLI</i>
                                            ] shall be the earlier of:
                                        </p>
                                        <p>
                                            a) the latest date on which the competent authorities that requested additional information have notified the person who presented the case and the other competent authority pursuant to subparagraph a) of paragraph 7 [
                                            <i>of Article 19 of the MLI</i>
                                            ]; and
                                        </p>
                                        <p>b) the date that is three calendar months after both competent authorities have received all information requested by either competent authority from the person who presented the case.</p>
                                        <p>
                                            If, however, one or both of the competent authorities send the notification referred to in subparagraph b) of paragraph 7 [
                                            <i>of Article 19 of the MLI</i>
                                            ], such notification shall be treated as a request for additional information under subparagraph b) of paragraph 6 [
                                            <i>of Article 19 of the MLI</i>
                                            ].
                                        </p>
                                        <p>
                                            10. The competent authorities of the [
                                            <i>Contracting States</i>
                                            ] shall by mutual agreement pursuant to [
                                            <i>Article 26 of the Agreement</i>
                                            ] settle the mode of application of the provisions contained in [
                                            <i>Part VI of the MLI</i>
                                            ], including the minimum information necessary for each competent authority to undertake substantive consideration of the case. Such an agreement shall be concluded before the date on which unresolved issues in a case are first eligible to be submitted to arbitration and may be modified from time to time thereafter.
                                        </p>
                                        <p>
                                            12. [
                                            <i>Notwithstanding</i>
                                            ] the other provisions of [
                                            <i>Article 19 of the MLI</i>
                                            ]:
                                        </p>
                                        <p>
                                            a) any unresolved issue arising from a mutual agreement procedure case otherwise within the scope of the arbitration process provided for by [
                                            <i>the MLI</i>
                                            ] shall not be submitted to arbitration, if a decision on this issue has already been rendered by a court or administrative tribunal of either [
                                            <i>Contracting State</i>
                                            ];
                                        </p>
                                        <p>
                                            b) if, at any time after a request for arbitration has been made and before the arbitration panel has delivered its decision to the competent authorities of the [
                                            <i>Contracting States</i>
                                            ], a decision concerning the issue is rendered by a court or administrative tribunal of one of the [
                                            <i>Contracting States</i>
                                            ], the arbitration process shall terminate.
                                        </p>
                                    </content>
                                </article>
                                <article>
                                    <num>Article 20 (Appointment of Arbitrators) of the MLI</num>
                                    <content>
                                        <p>
                                            1. Except to the extent that the competent authorities of the [
                                            <i>Contracting States</i>
                                            ] mutually agree on different rules, paragraphs 2 through 4 [
                                            <i>of Article 20 of the MLI</i>
                                            ] shall apply for the purposes of [
                                            <i>Part VI of the MLI</i>
                                            ].
                                        </p>
                                        <p>2. The following rules shall govern the appointment of the members of an arbitration panel:</p>
                                        <p>a) The arbitration panel shall consist of three individual members with expertise or experience in international tax matters.</p>
                                        <p>
                                            b) Each competent authority shall appoint one panel member within 60 days of the date of the request for arbitration under paragraph 1 of Article 19 [
                                            <i>of the MLI</i>
                                            ]. The two panel members so appointed shall, within 60 days of the latter of their appointments, appoint a third member who shall serve as Chair of the arbitration panel. The Chair shall not be a national or resident of either [
                                            <i>Contracting State</i>
                                            ].
                                        </p>
                                        <p>
                                            c) Each member appointed to the arbitration panel must be impartial and independent of the competent authorities, tax administrations, and ministries of finance of the [
                                            <i>Contracting States</i>
                                            ] and of all persons directly affected by the case (as well as their advisors) at the time of accepting an appointment, maintain his or her impartiality and independence throughout the proceedings, and avoid any conduct for a reasonable period of time thereafter which may damage the appearance of impartiality and independence of the arbitrators with respect to the proceedings.
                                        </p>
                                        <p>
                                            3. In the event that the competent authority of a [
                                            <i>Contracting State</i>
                                            ] fails to appoint a member of the arbitration panel in the manner and within the time periods specified in paragraph 2 [
                                            <i>of Article 20 of the MLI</i>
                                            ] or agreed to by the competent authorities of the [
                                            <i>Contracting States</i>
                                            ], a member shall be appointed on behalf of that competent authority by the highest ranking official of the Centre for Tax Policy and Administration of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development that is not a national of either [
                                            <i>Contracting State</i>
                                            ].
                                        </p>
                                        <p>
                                            4. If the two initial members of the arbitration panel fail to appoint the Chair in the manner and within the time periods specified in paragraph 2 [
                                            <i>of Article 20 of the MLI</i>
                                            ] or agreed to by the competent authorities of the [
                                            <i>Contracting States</i>
                                            ], the Chair shall be appointed by the highest ranking official of the Centre for Tax Policy and Administration of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development that is not a national of either [
                                            <i>Contracting State</i>
                                            ].
                                        </p>
                                    </content>
                                </article>
                                <article>
                                    <num>Article 21 (Confidentiality of Arbitration Proceedings) of the MLI</num>
                                    <content>
                                        <p>
                                            1. Solely for the purposes of the application of the provisions of [
                                            <i>Part VI of the MLI</i>
                                            ] and of the provisions of [
                                            <i>the Agreement</i>
                                            ] and of the domestic laws of the [
                                            <i>Contracting States</i>
                                            ] related to the exchange of information, confidentiality, and administrative assistance, members of the arbitration panel and a maximum of three staff per member (and prospective arbitrators solely to the extent necessary to verify their ability to fulfil the requirements of arbitrators) shall be considered to be persons or authorities to whom information may be disclosed. Information received by the arbitration panel or prospective arbitrators and information that the competent authorities receive from the arbitration panel shall be considered information that is exchanged under the provisions of [
                                            <i>the Agreement</i>
                                            ] related to the exchange of information and administrative assistance.
                                        </p>
                                        <p>
                                            2. The competent authorities of the [
                                            <i>Contracting States</i>
                                            ] shall ensure that members of the arbitration panel and their staff agree in writing, prior to their acting in an arbitration proceeding, to treat any information relating to the arbitration proceeding consistently with the confidentiality and nondisclosure obligations described in the provisions of [
                                            <i>the Agreement</i>
                                            ] related to exchange of information and administrative assistance and under the applicable laws of the [
                                            <i>Contracting States</i>
                                            ].
                                        </p>
                                    </content>
                                </article>
                                <article>
                                    <num>Article 22 (Resolution of a Case Prior to the Conclusion of the Arbitration) of the MLI</num>
                                    <content>
                                        <p>
                                            For the purposes of [
                                            <i>Part VI of the MLI</i>
                                            ] and the provisions of [
                                            <i>the Agreement</i>
                                            ] that provide for resolution of cases through mutual agreement, the mutual agreement procedure, as well as the arbitration proceeding, with respect to a case shall terminate if, at any time after a request for arbitration has been made and before the arbitration panel has delivered its decision to the competent authorities of the [
                                            <i>Contracting States</i>
                                            ]:
                                        </p>
                                        <p>
                                            a) the competent authorities of the [
                                            <i>Contracting States</i>
                                            ] reach a mutual agreement to resolve the case; or
                                        </p>
                                        <p>b) the person who presented the case withdraws the request for arbitration or the request for a mutual agreement procedure.</p>
                                    </content>
                                </article>
                                <article>
                                    <num>Article 23 (Type of Arbitration Process) of the MLI</num>
                                    <content>
                                        <p>
                                            1. Except to the extent that the competent authorities of the [
                                            <i>Contracting States</i>
                                            ] mutually agree on different rules, the following rules shall apply with respect to an arbitration proceeding pursuant to [
                                            <i>Part VI of the MLI</i>
                                            ]:
                                        </p>
                                        <p>
                                            a) After a case is submitted to arbitration, the competent authority of each [
                                            <i>Contracting State</i>
                                            ] shall submit to the arbitration panel, by a date set by agreement, a proposed resolution which addresses all unresolved issue(s) in the case (taking into account all agreements previously reached in that case between the competent authorities of the [
                                            <i>Contracting States</i>
                                            ]). The proposed resolution shall be limited to a disposition of specific monetary amounts (for example, of income or expense) or, where specified, the maximum rate of tax charged pursuant to [
                                            <i>the Agreement</i>
                                            ], for each adjustment or similar issue in the case. In a case in which the competent authorities of the [
                                            <i>Contracting States</i>
                                            ] have been unable to reach agreement on an issue regarding the conditions for application of a provision of [
                                            <i>the Agreement</i>
                                            ] (hereinafter referred to as a “threshold question”), such as whether an individual is a resident or whether a permanent establishment exists, the competent authorities may submit alternative proposed resolutions with respect to issues the determination of which is contingent on resolution of such threshold questions.
                                        </p>
                                        <p>
                                            b) The competent authority of each [
                                            <i>Contracting State</i>
                                            ] may also submit a supporting position paper for consideration by the arbitration panel. Each competent authority that submits a proposed resolution or supporting position paper shall provide a copy to the other competent authority by the date on which the proposed resolution and supporting position paper were due. Each competent authority may also submit to the arbitration panel, by a date set by agreement, a reply submission with respect to the proposed resolution and supporting position paper submitted by the other competent authority. A copy of any reply submission shall be provided to the other competent authority by the date on which the reply submission was due.
                                        </p>
                                        <p>
                                            c) The arbitration panel shall select as its decision one of the proposed resolutions for the case submitted by the competent authorities with respect to each issue and any threshold questions, and shall not include a rationale or any other explanation of the decision. The arbitration decision will be adopted by a simple majority of the panel members. The arbitration panel shall deliver its decision in writing to the competent authorities of the [
                                            <i>Contracting States</i>
                                            ]. The arbitration decision shall have no precedential value.
                                        </p>
                                        <p>
                                            5. Prior to the beginning of arbitration proceedings, the competent authorities of the [
                                            <i>Contracting States</i>
                                            ] shall ensure that each person that presented the case and their advisors agree in writing not to disclose to any other person any information received during the course of the arbitration proceedings from either competent authority or the arbitration panel. The mutual agreement procedure under [
                                            <i>the Agreement</i>
                                            ], as well as the arbitration proceeding under [
                                            <i>Part VI of the MLI</i>
                                            ], with respect to the case shall terminate if, at any time after a request for arbitration has been made and before the arbitration panel has delivered its decision to the competent authorities of the [
                                            <i>Contracting States</i>
                                            ], a person that presented the case or one of that person’s advisors materially breaches that agreement.
                                        </p>
                                    </content>
                                </article>
                                <article>
                                    <num>Article 24 (Agreement on a Different Resolution) of the MLI</num>
                                    <content>
                                        <p>
                                            2. Notwithstanding paragraph 4 of Article 19 [
                                            <i>of the MLI</i>
                                            ], an arbitration decision pursuant to [
                                            <i>Part VI of the MLI</i>
                                            ] shall not be binding on the [
                                            <i>Contracting States</i>
                                            ] and shall not be implemented if the competent authorities of the [
                                            <i>Contracting States</i>
                                            ] agree on a different resolution of all unresolved issues within three calendar months after the arbitration decision has been delivered to them.
                                        </p>
                                    </content>
                                </article>
                                <article>
                                    <num>Article 25 (Costs of Arbitration Proceedings) of the MLI</num>
                                    <content>
                                        <p>
                                            In an arbitration proceeding under [
                                            <i>Part VI of the MLI</i>
                                            ], the fees and expenses of the members of the arbitration panel, as well as any costs incurred in connection with the arbitration proceedings by the [
                                            <i>Contracting States</i>
                                            ], shall be borne by the [
                                            <i>Contracting States</i>
                                            ] in a manner to be settled by mutual agreement between the competent authorities of the [
                                            <i>Contracting States</i>
                                            ]. In the absence of such agreement, each [
                                            <i>Contracting State</i>
                                            ] shall bear its own expenses and those of its appointed panel member. The cost of the chair of the arbitration panel and other expenses associated with the conduct of the arbitration proceedings shall be borne by the [
                                            <i>Contracting States</i>
                                            ] in equal shares.
                                        </p>
                                    </content>
                                </article>
                                <article>
                                    <num>Article 26 (Compatibility) of the MLI</num>
                                    <content>
                                        <p>
                                            2. Any unresolved issue arising from a mutual agreement procedure case otherwise within the scope of the arbitration process provided for in [
                                            <i>Part VI of the MLI</i>
                                            ] shall not be submitted to arbitration if the issue falls within the scope of a case with respect to which an arbitration panel or similar body has previously been set up in accordance with a bilateral or multilateral convention that provides for mandatory binding arbitration of unresolved issues arising from a mutual agreement procedure case.
                                        </p>
                                        <p>
                                            3. [
                                            <i>Nothing</i>
                                            ] in [
                                            <i>Part VI of the MLI</i>
                                            ] shall affect the fulfilment of wider obligations with respect to the arbitration of unresolved issues arising in the context of a mutual agreement procedure resulting from other conventions to which the [
                                            <i>Contracting States</i>
                                            ] are or will become parties.
                                        </p>
                                    </content>
                                </article>
                                <article>
                                    <num>Subparagraph a) of paragraph 2 of Article 28 (Cases eligible to arbitration) of the MLI</num>
                                    <content>
                                        <p>
                                            <i>Pursuant to subparagraph a) of paragraph 2 of Article 28 of the MLI, the Republic of Finland formulates the following reservations with respect to the scope of cases that shall be eligible for arbitration under the provisions of Part VI of the MLI:</i>
                                        </p>
                                        <p>
                                            1. Finland reserves the right to exclude from the scope of [
                                            <i>Part VI of the MLI</i>
                                            ] cases involving the application of domestic anti-avoidance rules of either [
                                            <i>Contracting State</i>
                                            ]. For this purpose, Finland's domestic anti-avoidance rules shall include Act on Assessment Procedure (verotusmenettelystä annettu laki (1558/1995)) sections 27–30, Act on the Taxation of Business Profits and Income from Professional Activities (elinkeinotulon verottamisesta annettu laki (360/1968)) section 6 a, subsection 9 and section 52 h and Act on the Taxation of Shareholders in Controlled Foreign Companies (ulkomaisten väliyhteisöjen osakkaiden verotuksesta annetun laki (1217/1994)). Any subsequent provisions replacing, amending or updating these anti-avoidance rules would also be included in this reservation. Finland shall notify the Depositary of any such subsequent provisions.
                                        </p>
                                        <p>
                                            2. Finland reserves the right to exclude from the scope of [
                                            <i>Part VI of the MLI</i>
                                            ] cases involving conduct for which the taxpayer or a person acting on the taxpayer’s behalf has been found guilty by a court of tax fraud or other tax related criminal offence in either[
                                            <i>Contracting State</i>
                                            ]. For this purpose, Finland's domestic rules shall include the Criminal Code (rikoslaki (39/1889)) chapter 29 sections 1–4. Any subsequent provisions replacing, amending or updating these rules would also be included in this reservation. Finland shall notify the Depositary of any such subsequent provisions.
                                        </p>
                                        <p>
                                            3. Finland reserves the right to exclude from the scope of [
                                            <i>Part VI of the MLI</i>
                                            ] cases concerning items of income or capital where there is no double taxation. Double taxation means that both [
                                            <i>Contracting States</i>
                                            ] have imposed taxes in respect of the same taxable income or capital giving rise to either additional tax charge, increase in tax liabilities or cancellation or reduction of losses, which could be used to offset taxable profits.
                                        </p>
                                        <p>
                                            4. Finland reserves the right to exclude from the scope of [
                                            <i>Part VI of the MLI</i>
                                            ]:
                                        </p>
                                        <p>a) with respect to taxes withheld at source on amounts paid or credited to non-residents, cases which concern taxable events giving rise to such taxes that occur before the reference date;</p>
                                        <p>b) with respect to all other taxes, cases which concern taxes levied with respect to taxable periods that begin before the reference date.</p>
                                        <p>For the purposes of this reservation, “the reference date” is the latest of:</p>
                                        <p>
                                            i) the date of entry into effect of [
                                            <i>the MLI</i>
                                            ] in both [
                                            <i>Contracting States</i>
                                            ] with respect to such taxes;
                                        </p>
                                        <p>
                                            ii) the first day of January of the calendar year next following the expiration of a period of six calendar months beginning on the date of the communication by the Depositary of the latest definitive reservation withdrawal or notification which results in the application of [
                                            <i>Part VI of the MLI</i>
                                            ] between both [
                                            <i>Contracting States</i>
                                            ]; and
                                        </p>
                                        <p>
                                            iii) where the case is a type of case that would be potentially eligible for arbitration as a result of the withdrawal, subsequent to the entry into effect of [
                                            <i>Part VI of the MLI</i>
                                            ] as between both [
                                            <i>Contracting States</i>
                                            ], of [
                                            <i>Contracting State´s</i>
                                            ] reservation made pursuant to Article 28(2) or Article 19(12) [
                                            <i>of the MLI</i>
                                            ], the first day of January of the calendar year next following the expiration of a period of six calendar months beginning on the date of the communication of the Depositary of the withdrawal of the reservation.
                                        </p>
                                        <p>
                                            5. Finland reserves the right to exclude from the scope of [
                                            <i>Part VI of the MLI</i>
                                            ] all cases where an application has been filed under the Convention on the Elimination of Double Taxation in Connection with the Adjustment of Profits of Associated Enterprises (90/436/EEC) – as amended, or under other instruments agreed by the member states of the European Union or under domestic rules which implement such instruments.
                                        </p>
                                        <p>
                                            <i>Pursuant to Article 28(2)(a) of the MLI, Ireland formulates the following reservations with respect to the scope of cases that shall be eligible for arbitration under the provisions of Part VI of the MLI.</i>
                                        </p>
                                        <p>
                                            Notwithstanding paragraph 1 of Article 19 [
                                            <i>of the MLI]</i>
                                             (Mandatory Binding Arbitration) a case may not be submitted to arbitration if the case is connected with:
                                        </p>
                                        <p>
                                            1. Serious penalties. Ireland reserves the right to exclude from the scope of [
                                            <i>Part VI of the MLI] </i>
                                            cases connected with actions for which the taxpayer or a related person (or a person acting for either the taxpayer or a related person) is liable to a penalty as a result of deliberate behaviour in accordance with Section 1077E Taxes Consolidation Act 1997. For this purpose, ‘deliberate behaviour’ is to be interpreted in accordance with the guidance contained in the Code of Practice for Revenue Audits and other Compliance Interventions, which will be reviewed on an on-going basis and may be modified to reflect changes in legislation and emerging practices. Any subsequent provisions replacing, amending or updating Section 1077E Taxes Consolidation Act 1997 would also be comprehended. Ireland shall notify the Depositary of any such subsequent provisions.
                                        </p>
                                        <p>
                                            2. Domestic anti-avoidance. Ireland reserves the right to exclude from the scope of [
                                            <i>Part VI of the MLI]</i>
                                             cases involving the application of Ireland’s domestic anti-avoidance rules contained in Section 811 and Section 811A Taxes Consolidation Act 1997. Any subsequent provisions replacing, amending or updating these anti-avoidance rules would also be comprehended. Ireland shall notify the Depositary of any such subsequent provisions.
                                        </p>
                                    </content>
                                </article>
                            </chapter>
                        </embeddedStructure>
                    </p>
                    <p>4. The competent authorities of the Contracting States may communicate with each other directly for the purpose of reaching an agreement in the sense of the preceding paragraphs.</p>
                </content>
            </article>
            <article eId="art_27">
                <num>Article 27</num>
                <heading>Exchange of Information</heading>
                <content>
                    <p>1. The competent authorities of the Contracting States shall exchange such information as is necessary for carrying out the provisions of this Agreement or of the domestic laws of the Contracting States concerning taxes covered by this Agreement insofar as the taxation thereunder is not contrary to this Agreement. Any information so exchanged shall be treated as secret and shall be disclosed only to persons or authorities (including courts and administrative bodies) involved in the assessment or collection of, the enforcement or prosecution in respect of, or the determination of appeals in relation to, the taxes covered by this Agreement. Such persons or authorities shall use the information only for such purposes. They may disclose the information in public court proceedings or in judicial decisions.</p>
                    <p>2. In no case shall the provisions of paragraph 1 of this Article be construed so as to impose on a Contracting State the obligation:</p>
                    <p>a) to carry out administrative measures at variance with the laws and administrative practice of that or of the other Contracting State;</p>
                    <p>b) to supply information which is not obtainable under the laws or in the normal course of the administration of that or of the other Contracting State;</p>
                    <p>c) to supply information which would disclose any trade, business, industrial, commercial or professional secret or trade process, or information, the disclosure of which would be contrary to public policy (ordre public).</p>
                </content>
            </article>
            <article eId="art_28">
                <num>Article 28</num>
                <heading>Members of Diplomatic Missions and Consular Posts</heading>
                <content>
                    <p>Nothing in this Agreement shall affect the fiscal privileges of members of diplomatic missions or consular posts under the general rules of international law or under the provisions of special agreements.</p>
                </content>
            </article>
            <p>
                <embeddedStructure class="mli-replacement">
                    <p>
                        <authorialNote>
                            <p>
                                The following paragraph 1 of Article 7 of the MLI replaces paragraph 7 of Article 11 of this Agreement, paragraph 6 of Article 12 of this Agreement and paragraph 6 of Article 13 of this Agreement:
                                <authorialNote marker="9" placement="bottom">
                                    <p>In accordance with paragraphs 1 and 3 of Article 35 of the MLI, paragraph 1 of Article 7 of the MLI has effect with respect to the application of this Agreement by the Republic of Finland:</p>
                                    <p>a) with respect to taxes withheld at source on amounts paid or credited to nonresidents, where the event giving rise to such taxes occurs on or after 1 January 2020; and</p>
                                    <p>b) with respect to all other taxes levied by the Republic of Finland, for taxes levied with respect to taxable periods beginning on or after 1 January 2020;</p>
                                    <p>and,</p>
                                    <p>In accordance with paragraph 1 of Article 35 of the MLI, paragraph 1 of Article 7 of the MLI has effect with respect to the application of the Agreement by Ireland:</p>
                                    <p>a) with respect to taxes withheld at source on amounts paid or credited to nonresidents, where the event giving rise to such taxes occurs on or after 1 January 2020; and</p>
                                    <p>b) with respect to all other taxes levied by Ireland, for taxes levied with respect to taxable periods beginning on or after 1 December 2019.</p>
                                </authorialNote>
                            </p>
                        </authorialNote>
                    </p>
                    <article>
                        <num>ARTICLE 7 OF THE MLI –PREVENTION OF TREATY ABUSE (Principal purposes test provision)</num>
                        <content>
                            <p>
                                Notwithstanding any provisions of [
                                <i>the Agreement</i>
                                ], a benefit under [
                                <i>the Agreement</i>
                                ] shall not be granted in respect of an item of income or capital if it is reasonable to conclude, having regard to all relevant facts and circumstances, that obtaining that benefit was one of the principal purposes of any arrangement or transaction that resulted directly or indirectly in that benefit, unless it is established that granting that benefit in these circumstances would be in accordance with the object and purpose of the relevant provisions of [
                                <i>the Agreement</i>
                                ].
                            </p>
                        </content>
                    </article>
                </embeddedStructure>
            </p>
            <article eId="art_29">
                <num>Article 29</num>
                <heading>Entry Into Force</heading>
                <content>
                    <p>1. The Governments of the Contracting States shall notify each other that the constitutional requirements for the entry into force of this Agreement have been complied with.</p>
                    <p>2. This Agreement shall enter into force thirty days after the date of delivery of the later of the notifications referred to in paragraph 1 of this Article and its provisions shall have effect:</p>
                    <p>a) in Finland:</p>
                    <p>(i) in respect of taxes withheld at source, on income, other than a dividend and tax credit in respect thereof, derived on or after 1 January 1990;</p>
                    <p>(ii) in respect of tax withheld at source from a dividend and tax credit in respect thereof, on a dividend paid for any accounting period of the company which makes the distribution ending on or after 1 January 1990;</p>
                    <p>(iii) in respect of other taxes on income, for taxes chargeable for any tax year beginning on or after 1 January 1990;</p>
                    <p>b) in Ireland:</p>
                    <p>(i) as respects income tax and capital gains tax, for any year of assessment beginning on or after the sixth day of April 1990;</p>
                    <p>(ii) as respects corporation tax, for any financial year beginning on or after the first day of January 1990.</p>
                    <p>3. The Convention between the Government of Finland and the Government of Ireland for the avoidance of double taxation and the prevention of fiscal evasion with respect to taxes on income and capital, signed at Dublin on 21 April 1969, (hereinafter referred to as "the 1969 Convention"), shall cease to have effect with respect to taxes to which this Agreement applies in accordance with the provisions of paragraph 2 of this Article. The 1969 Convention shall terminate on the last date on which it has effect in accordance with the foregoing provision of this paragraph.</p>
                    <p>4. Where any provision of the 1969 Convention would have afforded any greater relief from tax than is due under this Agreement, any such provision as aforesaid shall continue to have effect for a period of twelve months from the date on which the provisions of this Agreement would otherwise have effect in accordance with the provisions of paragraph 2 of this Article.</p>
                    <p>5. The Agreement between the Government of Finland and the Government of Ireland for the avoidance of double taxation on income derived from the business of sea and air transport, signed at Dublin on 15 September 1965, shall not have effect for any period for which the present Agreement has effect.</p>
                </content>
            </article>
            <article eId="art_30">
                <num>Article 30</num>
                <heading>Termination</heading>
                <content>
                    <p>This Agreement shall remain in force until terminated by a Contracting State. Either Contracting State may terminate this Agreement, through diplomatic channels, by giving notice of termination at least six months before the end of any calendar year following after the period of five years from the date on which this Agreement enters into force. In such event, this Agreement shall cease to have effect:</p>
                    <p>a) in Finland:</p>
                    <p>(i) in respect of taxes withheld at source, on income derived on or after 1 January in the calendar year next following the year in which the notice is given;</p>
                    <p>(ii) in respect of other taxes on income, for taxes chargeable for any tax year beginning on or after 1 January in the calendar year next following the year in which the notice is given;</p>
                    <p>b) in Ireland:</p>
                    <p>(i) as respects income tax and capital gains tax, for any year of assessment beginning on or after the sixth day of April next following the date on which the period specified in the said notice of termination expires;</p>
                    <p>(ii) as respects corporation tax, for any financial year beginning on or after the first day of January next following the date on which the period specified in the said notice of termination expires.</p>
                    <p>In witness whereof the undersigned, duly authorised thereto, have signed this Agreement.</p>
                    <p>Done in duplicate at Dublin this 27 day of March 1992, in the Finnish and English languages, both texts being equally authentic.</p>
                </content>
            </article>
            <hcontainer name="attachments">
                <hcontainer name="attachment">
                    <heading>Exchange of Letters</heading>
                    <content>
                        <tblock>
                            <num>I</num>
                            <heading>For the Government of the Republic of Finland</heading>
                            <p>Your Excellency,</p>
                            <p>I have the honour to refer to the Agreement between the Government of Ireland and the Government of the Republic of Finland for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and the Prevention of Fiscal Evasion with respect to Taxes on Income and Capital Gains which was signed today and to confirm, on behalf of the Government of Ireland, the following understanding reached between the two Governments:</p>
                            <p>With reference to paragraphs 1 b) and 2 b) of Article 11 the proportion of one-half of the tax credit available to a resident of Finland to which a resident of Ireland will be entitled under the said paragraph 1 b) has been agreed on the grounds that, currently</p>
                            <p>a) the Irish system of corporation tax provides for the imputation of one-half of the tax paid by a company by way of a tax credit carried by a dividend paid to a shareholder,</p>
                            <p>b) the Finnish system of taxing companies provides for the imputation of all of the tax paid by a company by way of a tax credit carried by a dividend paid to a shareholder, and</p>
                            <p>c) the rates of corporation tax, being, in the case of Ireland, 40 per cent and, in the case of Finland, 36 per cent for the year 1992 and subsequent years.</p>
                            <p>Thus, the giving of one-half of the tax credit to which a resident of Finland would be entitled to an Irish resident in receipt of a dividend from a company resident in Finland strikes a reasonable balance in these circumstances.</p>
                            <p>It has been agreed, however, that in the event that the rate of corporation tax or the rate of the tax credit carried by a dividend should change in either Ireland or Finland, the competent authorities of both countries shall notify each other of such changes, shall consider whether the rate of one-half or some other rate is appropriate in the light of the new circumstances and, if the rate of one-half is no longer warranted, the Governments of Finland and Ireland shall re-negotiate paragraphs 1 b) and 2 b) of Article 11.</p>
                            <p>I have further the honour to request you to be good enough to confirm the foregoing understanding on behalf of the Government of Finland.</p>
                            <p>I avail myself of this opportunity to extend to you, Your Excellency, the assurance of my highest consideration.</p>
                            <p>Dublin, 27 March, 1992</p>
                        </tblock>
                        <tblock>
                            <num>II</num>
                            <heading>For the Government of Ireland</heading>
                            <p>Your Excellency,</p>
                            <p>I have the honour to acknowledge receipt of your Note of today's date which reads as follows:</p>
                            <p>– –</p>
                            <p>[see I]</p>
                            <p>– –</p>
                            <p>I have further the honour to confirm on behalf of my Government that the foregoing is also the understanding of the Government of Finland.</p>
                            <p>I avail myself of this opportunity to extend to you, Your Excellency, the assurance of my highest consideration.</p>
                            <p>Dublin, 27 March, 1992</p>
                        </tblock>
                    </content>
                </hcontainer>
            </hcontainer>
        </mainBody>
    </doc>
</akomaNtoso>
